The Global Eradication of Polio Essays - 1763 Words

The Global Eradication of Polio The possibility of the eradication of polio worldwide is an imminent and exciting prospect as the goal year quickly approaches. In 1988, the World Health Assembly, which governs the World Health Organization, set the goal of eliminating polio from the world by the year 2010. Many organizations have joined the effort along with the World Health Organization: the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, UNICEF, Rotary International, Global Health Network, the US Agency for International Development, National Immunization Day, and the International Broadcasting Bureau. Together, these worldwide polio partners have implemented a strategy to completely rid the world of this disease. It is a difficult†¦show more content†¦The poliovirus enters the body through the mouth, and multiplies in the throat and intestines. It may remain unmanifested for anywhere from four to thirty-five days. Once the virus is in the intestines it has the potential to spread throughout the body by way o f the bloodstream, and infiltrate into the central nervous system. In the central nervous system, the virus can spread out along the nerve fibers and begin to destroy the nerve cells, or motor neurons, resulting in limpness in the arms and legs. This is known as acute flaccid paralysis and this symptom of polio (also a symptom of several other diseases) is used to uncover new cases which may have been misdiagnosed or not diagnosed at all (WHO 1999). This is a necessary procedure in that it helps to cover all the bases in the pursuit of eradicating poliovirus from the earth. It is important to note that paralysis does not occur in all polio cases. Acute poliomyelitis manifests itself as a two-phased disease in a small proportion of its victims. The first phase is minor, a non-specific febrile illness (Prevots 1999). All patients with polio experience this phase, and only a small percentage develops the second phase, aseptic meningitis and/or paralytic disease (Prevots 1999). The aseptic meningitis is inflammation, caused by the virus, of the meninges of theShow MoreRelatedThe Global Polio Eradication Campaign1808 Words   |  8 Pagesthe global polio eradication campaign provides an in depth analysis of the course of the project and the difficulties of executing the World Health Organization’s (WHO) mandates. Riding from the success of smallpox eradication, campaign leaders were very optimistic and enthusiastic about worldwide polio eradication. However, in Pakistan the projects stagnated despite more foreign investments, more campaigns and tenac ity of public health officials to achieve the impossible goal of eradication. ItRead MoreA World Without Polio : A Benefit Cost Analysis Critique1536 Words   |  7 PagesA World without Polio: A Benefit Cost Analysis Critique Introduction A benefit cost analysis must be performed before the start of any public health campaign and the eradication of global poliomyelitis is no exception. This paper will examine the first benefit cost analysis of the Global Poliomyelitis Eradication Initiative, published in 1996 . It will also explore the broader question of the economic value of eradication. Background Context The world is on the verge of a remarkable achievementRead MoreWhat Is Poliomyelitis?1564 Words   |  6 PagesWHAT IS POLIO? Poliomyelitis or polio, is highly contagious viral infection that can lead to abnormal conditions such as paralysis, breathing problems, or even lead to death. The poliomyelitis is from the word â€Å"grey†, myelos referencing to the â€Å"matter† of the spinal cord, -itis meaning inflammation. So it means the inflammation of the grey matter of the spinal cord. Poliomyelitis can be categorize as either asymptomatic or symptomatic. AboutRead MoreViral Infectious DiseasesPolio or Poliomyelitis1368 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom ancient Greek were polio means grey and myelos meaning marrow referring to grey matter of spinal cord. Ancient paintings recovered in Egypt depicits an Egyptian stele though to represent a polio victim from the 18th dynasty which was from 1403 to 1365 BC. The disease had different names in early medical communities such as infantile spinal paralysis, paralysis of the morning, regressive paralysis and myelitis of the anterior horns The first clinical description of polio was given in 1789 by aRead MorePoliomyelitis in Nigeria1712 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction For Nigeria, the polio virus is still around in the country because of purely religious reasons. A section of the country, precisely the northern axis spurned a theory that the polio vaccine was fertility control tool of the west. Nothing could be further from the truth! But for intervention of senior clerics and prominent politicians from the area, there would have a standstill in the eradication efforts. To worsen matters, damage had been done by the time of the interventionRead MoreTaking a Look at Poliomyelitis1689 Words   |  7 Pages A highly infectious disease caused by virus is â€Å"POLIO† which can cause total paralysis in a matter of hours due to invasion of nervous tissue. The polio virus consists of an RNA genome enclosed in a protein shell known as capsid. There are three serotypes of wild polio virus; type 1, type 2, and type 3 each of them with their different capsid protein. Type 1 and 3 are highly infectious but 1 is the most pervasive strain of polio and 3 are at low levels. In the 20th century itRead MoreEffects of the Poliovirus: Poliomyelitis1504 Words   |  6 Pagesover 90% asymptomatic. ïÆ'Ëœ The challenges eradicating polio range from socio-cultural factors to political and economical factors. There are mainly three endemic areas remaining namely: Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan. ïÆ'Ëœ The solution to the challenges would vary from countries and communities with specific issues. But the direct involvement of the population is crucial making the battle more active than passive with less publicity. INTRODUCTION: Polio had caused 350000 cases of infection in 1988 in overRead MoreEmergence And Eradication Of Polio1623 Words   |  7 Pages Emergence and Eradication of Polio Viren Patel Valparaiso University I have neither given or received, nor have I tolerated others use of unauthorized aid. Viren Patel Introduction The poliomyelitis word is derived from the Greek. It is the effect of poliomyelitis virus on the spinal cord which leads to paralysis. This virus enters from the person mouth and multiplication occursRead MoreTaking a Look at Polio1371 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION Polio is caused by a virus and it used to be a common cause of Encephalitis. Polio was once considered a middle class, because good hygiene could delay exposure of a person to the virus until late childhood, the adolescent years or adulthood, when infection would produce most severe symptoms. Infections in early childhood generally results in asymptomatic or very mild disease. In the great 1916 polio endemic in New York City, 9,000 cases of paralysis were reported and nearly all in childrenRead MoreNear Eradication of Polio1510 Words   |  6 Pages The eradication of polio was very close in the year 2012, however incidence levels has caused a seventy percent increase in new cases [1]. In this paper I will argue that Canadian individuals do have a moral obligation to support the effort of polio eradication using Singer’s moderate principle and John Stuart Mill’s ethical theory of Act utilitarianism. Polio is virus infection that occurs in the throat and intestines through environmental contaminations such as water by stool and feces [7]. The

Islam Peaceful or Corrupt Essay - 1315 Words

How many suicide bombings take place every day in the world? Keeping in mind the war on terrorism, as people have named it, which has been going on for more then a decade now, is still at the top of many countries’ agenda. This issue, however, is affiliated with the religion of Islam that was once viewed by many as a peaceful religion. Islamic fundamentalism is the term used to describe religious beliefs seen as counseling a return to the â€Å"fundamentals† of Islam: the Quran and the Sunnah. Even though people think it is a waste of time to deal with the problem, the issue of Islamic fundamentalism should be approached with a strategic plan because these fundamentalists are causing the world to think that Islam is a corrupt religion and†¦show more content†¦(Ojeda) The Quran is a very beautiful book in rich, unchanged, original, Arabic text that consists of everything a Muslim needs to know about Islam. In all reality, a pious Muslim would never speak of violence for no reason. A person who would speak of violence in the name of God is a person that has been taught to believe that. This is not what the Quran says. The Quran specifically states that violence is hated by God. (Ojeda) â€Å"Belief in the six articles of faith is required. Those are: 1) Belief in God. 2) Belief in the messengers and prophets of God. 3) Belief in the Revelations and the Quran (The Islamic Holy Book). 4) Belief in angels. 5) Belief in the Day of Judgment. 6) Belief in the ultimate power of God or God’s decree† (Ojeda). Yet, it is important to recognize that not all Muslims are fundamentalists, and not all fundamentalists are terrorists. Terrorist attacks add, reasonably, to the western thoughts that all Muslims are anti-American fundamentalists. By it’s very nature, fundamentalism carries the threat of terrorism or extremism, and either of those can easily turn into violence. Therefore, Islamic fundamentalists can easily put forth a terrorist threat to their enemy. Many middle easterners, as you would have thought, perceive America as an enemy. (Musk) The United States of America plays a bigShow MoreRelatedI Have A Dream By Martin Luther King876 Words   |  4 Pagesto that of white men. The system is unfair, but African Americans want to believe that it is not. Even though many civil rights acts have been passed in order to give African American citizens the equal right to white citizens, the system is still corrupt. America must act now to demolish racial injustice. African Americans wil l not rest until their efforts have changed segregation. In order to achieve this unification and equality for all of American citizens, the people should not degenerate theirRead MoreAutobiography Of Malcolm X1614 Words   |  7 PagesKaykay Zhu October 19, 2017 The Autobiography of Malcolm X as told to Alex Haley is an account of Malcolm X’s evolving perspective on racial justice. Malcolm X was a prominent figure in the Nation of Islam who advocated for black nationalism and separatism. The man who became one of America’s most powerful voices for African Americans was deeply affected by the terrors of racism, which shaped his view of social justice and the condemnation of the white man. The way Malcolm X narrates his experiencesRead MoreThe Causes of Indian Independence in 1947 Essay540 Words   |  3 PagesThe Causes of Indian Independence in 1947 In 1947 India was declared an independent country from Britain, after years of peaceful and violent protests, pressure from all sides, and numerous promises. Not only this, but Pakistan was also formed by partitioning the country into two, providing a separate homeland for the Muslims of India. Although independence was greeting with relief from all, partition came with riots, millions of murders and a hatred between countriesRead MorePsci 140 Essay1016 Words   |  5 Pagesspecialization, lower cost, job opportunities Disadvantages? â€Å"Offshoring† of jobs, â€Å"Race to the bottom† The Asian Crisis (1997) 2. Policy diffusion Political integration The European Union The International Criminal Court (ICC) Advantages? Peaceful world (fewer wars) The diffusion of democratic ideas Disadvantages? Loss of sovereignty The â€Å"Democratic deficit†? 3. International tourism, Information technology, exchanges of ideas†¦ Advantages? Global multiculturalism (nationalïÆ'   global)Read MoreThe Effects of Islamaphobia1505 Words   |  6 PagesIslam is one of the fastest growing religions around the world. Some, however, find this frightening and have let this fear be the result of unjust acts. This is problematic because not only does it threaten the lives of 55 Million Americans but it disrespects them and disrespects the many Muslims who have contributed greatly to the United States. On the tragic date of September 11th 2001, a group of inhumane people carried out an attack on the World Trade Centre killing three-thousand innocent livesRead MoreThe Underground Economy in Afghanistan1040 Words   |  5 PagesNorth and West of Pakistan. According to the official CIA website, the total population of this war-torn country is 31,108,077 (2013). The country of Afghanistan is often in the eyes of the media, and has had some very tough times because of its corrupt reputation. It is a country with many terrorist groups, such as Al Qaeda and Taliban. This essay will explore the underground economy in Afghanistan, specifically, what is happening in the country concerning guns, drugs and terrorism, what some potentialRead MoreEssay on The Great Buddha: Nadeem Aslam1714 Words   |  7 Pagesface from another time.† (Aslam 22) Nadeem Aslam emphasised in an interview with â€Å"BookBits,† that a country cannot bury its past, thus The Great Buddha is not only a memory of the past, but a memory of a peaceful Afghanistan. The purpose of the Buddha is not to romanticise Buddhism or condemn Islam, but condemn war and act as a stark reminder of peace. Fascinatingly enough, Aslam creates another contrast with historical reference in his masterpiece. The book is punctuated quite frequently, with referencesRead MoreEssay The Taliban and Afghanistan1195 Words   |  5 Pagesand others favor Rabbani, Zahir Shah, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar or other opponents as rulers of Afghanistan. The Taliban claim to follow a pure, fundamentalist Islamic ideology, yet the oppression they perpetrate against women has no basis in Islam. Within Islam, women are allowed to earn and control their own money, and to participate in public life. The 55-member Organization of Islamic Conference has refused to recognize the Taliban as Afghanistans official government. The Muslim BrotherhoodRead MoreBuddhism : The Four Noble Truths859 Words   |  4 Pagesfor creating a strong, peaceful and healthy society. (OUR social Norms Buddhism article) In early life, Siddhartha Gautama found his way to being the awakening one through an enlighten experience. As a young child, he lost his mother after â€Å"taking his first breaths† into the world. â€Å"Shortly after, a soothsayer had prophesied that he would be great in either politics or religion, therefore his father went to great lengths to shield his son from anything that can corrupt his soul. After, SiddharthaRead MoreShould Democracy Be Exported?1628 Words   |  7 Pagesdemocratic development. For instance, Steven Fish made the claim that in many Muslim countries where Islam is the prominent religion, people are far less likely to be hospitable to democracy, and may even lead to authoritarianism (Fish). Fish cites the issue of male dominance and suppression of women as major markers of authoritarianism. For example, Fish looked at regions in the middle east where Islam is the religious majority. He found that the â€Å"sex ratio is 105/100 in both Jordan and Ira n; it is

Multinational Enterprise Structures the Economy Free Essays

A major player in the international political economy is the multinational corporation or multinational enterprise as these structures of economy are commonly referred to. These are business or firms that hold offices and/or major production facilities in two or more different countries. The multinational corporation therefore is any business whether private or public that extends its production facilities or embarks in huge investments in capital across national boundaries. We will write a custom essay sample on Multinational Enterprise Structures the Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since the end of World War II, the dominate western countries of Europe and the United States have long been the main headquarters of these multinational corporations, while the lesser developed nations of the world have been the sites for these corporations subsidiary markets and production facilities. On the subject matter of these multinational corporations, there exist two preeminent sources for the political science student in international political economics. The first is Richard Caves, whose article â€Å"The Multinational Enterprise as an Economic Organization† explains the creation and existence of the multinational corporations as a facility to more easily transport capital across international borders. The other source Osvaldo Sunkel, in his article â€Å"Big Business and Dependencia: A Latin American View† believes the multinational corporations have been a major political, economic and social boundary to pure economic growth in Latin America and has put a strangle hold on their own attempts to enter the global market. Richard Caves† viewpoint is that multinational corporations act as a facilitator to the movement and trade of the hard to price assets of a multinational firm. Specifically in terms of business and trade, there are manufactured goods, which are easy to move across international boundaries essentially. Yet, within the market there are many circumstances where transactions are hard to impossible to complete due to the markets ability to establish a fair price on certain assets. The reason for this inability is not due to the nature of the economy mind you, it is that these assets are non-physical. Assets such as patents and copyrights, the new technologies that arise from them and managerial expertise are all assets that cross international boundaries. According to Caves, the multinational corporation is in existence to move these assets across international borders. The multinational corporation in this process takes on three different models according to Caves. The first is a multi-plant firm that produces the same goods in several geographically different locations. This is the static model of â€Å"horizontal multi-plant enterprise† as Caves refers to it. It is the most thoroughly basic kind of Multinational Corporation. The factories abroad are controlled under common management, and are run and operated in the most cost effective locations of production. In most cases of the horizontal multi-plant enterprise, the products or their effects are mobile between national markets. This horizontal enterprise will produce goods that may deprecate but will not have a short life span of productivity. The second model is the â€Å"vertically integrated multinational enterprise†; this is a corporation wherein the outputs of the corporation†s plants serve as inputs to another of the corporation†s plants. This is used in most cases to reduce the cost of production of certain goods. Semiconductors for example are made by the advanced technicians in highly industrialized countries, while the process of soldering the wires and boards of the conductors can be done in a lower-wage country. The third type of multinational firm is the â€Å"diversified company†, which is a company whose plants inputs and outputs are neither horizontally nor vertically related. The reason for the creation of this firm is the multinational corporations bid to increase the diversification of the corporation†s interests abroad. This is done to increase the viability of a company, whether it is to inflate stock prices or some other arbitrary goal of the corporation. This view is quite different than the view of Osvaldo Sunkel, in his article â€Å"Big Business and Dependencia: A Latin American View† Sunkel brings to light the idea of Dependencia: Which is the control of Latin American markets by United States and European multinational corporations. This control of Latin American industry for well over 200 years by the US and Europe has radically altered the socio-economic development of this region. And has added to the dispensation of their current markets since the 1930†³s, which has led to an economic stagnation for many Latin American countries. Sunkel brings to light several points that show how the multinational corporations, be them Horizontal or Vertical. How these corporations do not benefit the country that houses the subsidiary, moreover the corporations home country benefits many times over than the exploited country. Sunkel†s argument is very clear; the very infrastructure of the Latin American economy is based on a hierarchy, whereas the core nations of the world†s economy use their strong positions to exploit the weaker economies. Robert Gilpin refers to this as Structuralism; it is a major school of thought in international political economy. This theory of â€Å"Dependencia† causes many socio-political, and socio-economical problems in the Latin American countries. Sunkel states that when the more powerful United States placed increasingly manufacturing complexes in Latin America the local centers of production were either swallowed by the larger company or put out of business by the lower prices of giant conglomerate. This led to the eventual decrease in exporting that benefited the local market. Sunkel, makes this point very clear: that the trade between the core nations and Latin American never left exploitation not unlike the colonialism of 200 years ago. Whereas Europe used to subvert the local population and exploit the natural resources, the core nations now use the large corporations to do this instead. A bulk of Latin American trade has been replaced with this intra-firm/corporation transfer of products. It benefits the core nation even more, because not only does a bulk of the product or material go to the corporation†s home country, but also the majority of the profit follows the same line. This lack of real trade and a concentration of wealth in the core nations have made the Latin countries even more tied to the elite through huge loans and aid from the IMF and World Bank. Caves and Sunkel share very different mindsets, while Caves believes that the multinational corporation extends the scope of the world economy. Sunkel believes that it exploits the Latin American market, by reducing the capitol in the working class and middle class the corporations take capitol from the local economy that could be used to improve the social condition. How to cite Multinational Enterprise Structures the Economy, Essay examples

Rethinking Project Management Education †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Rethinking Project Management Education. Answer: Introduction This is a literature review on the practices of project management which explores a part of the current debates about the subject. It was conducted using an explorative and unstructured method of review which explored the project management process by studying different textbooks and articles on project management that offered different insights and perspectives on the discipline. The purpose of the review is to identify different perspectives that exist on the practice of project management. Over the past decades, new perspectives on project management have emerged thanks to the introduction of new tools, methods, and practices that move beyond the traditional Corporate Perfomance Management (CPM) thinking. The traditional approaches to project management have been broadly criticized by researchers who felt that CPM is an incomplete and insufficient method as it lacks the level of detail required(Svejvig Andersen, 2015). Complexity of projects and the complexity of their environment are part of the main arguments that call for rethinking traditional project management. This rethinking has shifted the perspectives from single project exploration in isolation to the management of multiple projects. Aretha et al. (2009) has argued that a multiple project environment presents challenges that is very different from the single project management challenges(Aretha, et al., 2009). He used the complexity theory in order to understand the multi-project environment and identified it as a combination of complex adaptive systems. Mayor et al. (2006) reflected on the programs and portfolios that can be seen as mechanisms for managing projects in organization. According to him, they create different issues than those in a single project face(Jones, et al., 2011). Thus, there is a need that a project manager and his team must obtain transferable project management skills Leybourne (2007) describes a perspective which sees project management as an open value system that focuses on social and political aspects rather than on the tools and procedures (Leybourne, 2010). These social and behavioural considerations have expanded the discipline of project management. Clarke (2010) explored the impact of emotions on the behaviour and decisions of a project manager with respect to projects(Clarke, 2008). His empirical study showed that emotional intelligence has a direct posititve effect on the success of projects. Sense (2009) focused on the social learning that is obtained by a project team during projects, showing that this can help to build a learning culture and organisational learning, both positively impacting a companies success(Sense, 2009). Small and Walker (2010) state that the social complexities on a project are created from the human plurality and thus, the project management strategy used must follow a continual adaptation to be able to respond to the changes in power and political scenarios on projects(Small Walker, 2010). Over the last decades, alternative methods, approaches and perspectives have been identified that allow practitioners to rethink on the traditional project management practice. This helps them to better cope with the complexities and uncertainties during projects. Berggren and Sderlund (2008) identified how education practices have affected the knowledge and production capacities of project managers(Berggren Sderlund, 2008). According to Louw and Rwelamila (2012), project managers can be linked with the reflective partitions that emerge from educational institutes(Louw Rwelamila, 2012). Sewchurran (2008) supported the view by presenting an alternative model that focuses on the education side of the discipline and explored the reflective practices through improvisation and contingencies(Sewchurran Barron, 2008). Crawford et al. (2006) suggested that the increasing complexities on projects demand more education (Crawford Brown, 2009) and practitioners who are willing to explore new theories on project management to acquire new skills that include more than just the technical skills(Sankaran, et al., 2010). Thomas and Mengel (2008) stressed on the importance to be able handling complexity and uncertainty in the modern project environments(Thomas Mengel, 2008). Thus, he suggested that newer forms of professional development are required to prepare and educate project managers to deal with such complexities. According to Kreiner (2002), a project manager needs to be prepared to adapt plans in a changing environment(Kreiner, 2002). Supporting this view, Leybourne (2010) suggests that companies must provide the freedom to their project managers(Leybourne, 2010) for experimenting through unstructured practices and task management methods(Sherrer, 2010). Most researchers are convinced that despite a vast exploration of traditional project management practices, very little has been explored about the actualities of project management. Subsequently, empirical investigation is needed in order to understand modern project management practices. Arguments have also been presented on whether the traditional practices have diverted from the models and concepts. There is very limited empirical investigation done on the practice of project management. Thus, more exploration is needed as the field is only broadening crossing its current limits and perspectives that are present currently(Dana, 2014). With these explorations and added perspectives of multiple project management researchers, some new models and theories have emerged in the recent past including evolutionary management and self-organization and systems thinking. Self-organization Theory: This theory sees projects as a self organized concept which exists in nature with a tendency of growth and evolution. The growth is influenced by interactions between people, where for example new functions can emerge leading to self-organization. These self-organized systems have energy channels that enables both energy and information to flow in order to grow through a feedback loop(Hoda, 2011). The process of self-organization can be seen as a combination of positive and negative feedbacks that expand the horizons of knowledge. These feedbacks can be obtained from external parties or internal stakeholders. For example, approval and acceptance from external parties are positive feedbacks while rejection of criticism from them are negative feedbacks. Similarly, assertiveness and compassion within internal teams have signals of positivity while lack of confidence and disinterest in them would reflect negative feedback. Thus, these feedback cycles are importa nt to study, in particular when it is about understanding the evolution of project management(Blois, 2013) Systems thinking: System thinking makes it possible to manage the complexities and issues in modern project scenarios through identification of different elements that exist in a multiproject environment. It begins with the understanding of a problem solving process in which project managers have to explore problems to identify their core and the behavior patterns that are affecting project efficiencies. System thinking is a holistic approach to problem solving that builds on the network of interactions, role plays, and approaches to creativity and adaption in the project teams(Kopczy?ski Brzozowsk, 2015). Conclusion The traditional project management approaches like CPM have been criticized by researchers as they lack the level of detail and new perspectives have emerged with introduction of new tools, methods, and practices. Among the main arguments to rethink traditional project management is the fact that complexity of projects and the complexity of their environments are much higher nowadays then ten or twenty years back, when a lot of research was done in the field of project management. Several debates can been observed with different new approaches being presented and discussed. For example, some researchers believe in systems thinking which is a holistic approach to problem solving while others focus on the self-organizing concept during projects. The literature review made clear that further investigations are needed on how these new methods can help resolve problems usually faced by traditional methods. If evidences can be obtained on these efficiencies then the debate can make a big step forward as researchers begin to prove the superiority of new methods. References Aretha, D., Panteli, E. S., Kiekkas, P. Karanikolas, M., 2009. Patient and/or family controlled palliative sedation with midazolam for intractable symptom control: a case series. BioMed Central, 2(136), pp. 1-4. Berggren, C. Sderlund, J., 2008. Rethinking project management education.. International Journal of Project Management., Volume 26, pp. 286-296. Blois, 2013. The "self-organizing" project": a "systemic" view of the design and project processes, s.l.: Systematic Designs. Clarke, N., 2008. Projects are emotional: How project managers' emotional awareness can influence decisions and behaviours in projects. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 3(4), pp. 604-624. Crawford, P. Brown, B., 2009. Mental Health communicatios between service users and professionals. Mental Health Review Journal, 14(3), pp. 30-39. Dana, J., 2014. Chaos Theory in Project Management , s.l.: Masaryk University. Hoda, R., 2011. Self-Organizing Agile Teams: A Grounded Theory, s.l.: Victoria University of Wellington. Jones, A. M. et al., 2011. The Impact of Arabidopsis on Human Health: Diversifying Our Portfolio. NCBI, Volume 133-136, p. 939943.. Kopczy?ski, T. Brzozowsk, M., 2015. Systems thinking in project management: theoretical framework and empirical evidence from Polish companies, s.l.: Poznan University of Economics, . Kreiner, K., 2002. Tacit knowledge management: the role of artifacts. Journal of Knowledge Management, 6(2), pp. 112-123. Leybourne, S., 2010. Project management and high-value superyacht projects: an improvisational and temporal perspective.. Proj. Manag. J. , Volume 41, p. 1727.. Louw, T. Rwelamila, P. D., 2012. Managing Projects in Africa. Project Management Journal, 43(4), pp. 2-85. Sankaran, S., Haslett, T. Sheffield, J., 2010. Systems thinking approaches to address complex issues in project management. Asia Pacific, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, PMI Global Congress. Saynisch, M., 2010. Beyond frontiers of traditional project management. Project Management Journal, 41(2), pp. 21-37. Sense, A. J., 2009. The social learning character of projects and project teams. International Journal of Knowledge Management Studies, 3(4), pp. 195-208. Sewchurran, K. Barron, M., 2008. An investigation into successfully managing and sustaining the project sponsorproject manager relationship using soft systems methodology. Project Management Journal, 39(S1), p. S56S68. Sherrer, J. A., 2010. A PROJECT MANAGER'S GUIDE TO SYSTEMS THINKING, s.l.: Projectsmart. Small, J. Walker, D., 2010. Providing structural openness to connect with context: Seeing the project entity as a human activity system and social process. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 4(3), pp. 389-411. Svejvig, P. Andersen, P., 2015. Rethinking project management: A structured literature review with a critical look at the brave new world. International Journal of Project Management, Volume 33, p. 278290. Thomas, J. Mengel, T., 2008. Preparing project managers to deal with complexityAdvanced project management education, s.l.: Research Gate.