An Attempt At Understanding Dreams Essay -- essays research papers

An Attempt At Understanding DreamsA few months ago I watched a movie called The Candyman. It was a curse movie ab appear this psychotic woman who massacres people around her but hasno idea what shes doing. An imaginary creature called The Candyman isappearing to her and talking to her, and she actually thinks that hes the mavenwho is doing the murdering. Anyway, it was a scary movie and I had a bit of funfreaking out my mother that night by telling her that The Candyman will appearto her in her romances (although I didnt think about the consequences if hereally appeared to her and she killed all of us while we were sleeping).Fortunately for my mother (and the rest of us), she didnt dream about him thatnight. A few weeks later, I did, though However, I didnt get very scared in mydream because thanks to a legitimate technique that I demonstrable a few years ago, I hatful somehow avoid any dangers in my dreams by knowing that Im aspiration and thatnothing bad can happen to me. This helped me in a lot of annoying dreams beforebecause when Im in trouble I sometimes barely fly away in certain situations inthe dream or I just ignore it and tell the bad guy that he cant hurt me becauseI know its just a dream. I have no idea until today how Im able to do that,but it really makes me wonder. I also dont know why I had that dream a fewweeks after the movie and not the same night I watched it, especially that I hadcompletely forgotten about it until the night of the dream, at least consciously.Anyway, I decided to use the chance of having to write a paper forPsychology 201 and I almost instantly knew that I was going to search the world ofdreams and the process of dreaming. Before I go any further though, I think Iknow from the start that no matter how frequently material I gather or people Iinterview, I will not be able to explain the process of dreaming because Ibelieve that it is so complex and mysterious that no man can claim to reallyunderstand it. The maximum that I wish to achieve is just to admire thisincredible phenomenon and to at least try to clarify some of the little detailssurrounding it.Some questions come to my mind immediately when I think about dreamsWhat causes dreams? Does everybody dream? Do dreams have significant meanings inreality? Why do some dreams seem so weird and out of ... ...echnology. The mainproblem is the great diversity of the issue and the difficulty of conductingphysical experiments and analysis on such a phenomenon. It is a phenomenon thatdefies the laws of physics and society, and the limits of dreams are stretchedas far as the human imagination goes. The best we can do is to give limitedexplanations that we think might work with us, but the true secrets of dreamingwill never be uncovered. We can just share our dreams and try to understand someevents that happen to dreamers all around the world, which makes us appreciatedreams much and more.Works CitedAbdel Hamid, Ranya, 22 yrs., Mechanical Engineering major at State University.Aristotle, On Dreams, 350 B.C.Atkinson, Rita L., Introduction To Psychology, 1993.Dreams Interpretation Services & Resources, http//www1.rider.edu/suler/dreams.html, 1996.Farrag, Mariam, 20 yrs., Political information major at State University.Ghaleb, Teymour, 23 yrs., Marketing Analyst at Daewoo Co.Hassan, Farouk, Dr., Practicing Psychiatrist.Rafik, Nadine, 17 yrs., student at State University.Shawky, Safinaz, 21 yrs., Economics major at State University.

An Inspector Calls :: English Literature

An Inspector Calls Productions seen BBC Television Production (1981) Film Production (1954)Part IJ.B.Priestlys play is set in the spring of 1912 in the household ofan upper-middle class family in the north of England. The plot of thisdramatic play is based around the Birling familys involvement in ayoung girls suicide. The Birling family consists of the two parents,Arthur and Sybil Birling and their two children Eric and Sheila.Gerald Croft is soon to become a member of the family as he hasrecently announced his engagement to Sheila.As the story unfolds we find that each of the family members is partlyto fault. Which member however carries the most blame? It is importantto realise that J.B.Priestly has made it deliberately difficult toplace the blame solely on one person. Having read the play and seentwo productions of it, I have come to the conclusion that Mrs Birlingis the most to blame.This conclusion was founded for many reasons. unmatchable such reason was dueto the process of elimination. Each Character, although guilty, hasdifferent responsibilities and different degrees of blame due to theirinvolvement with the girl, their reaction to the news of her death,how they compare to the other characters and how the audience would orshould perceive them.If we first off take Mr Birling, who is questioned by the Inspector first.Mr Birling is described by Priestly as heavy looking, ratherportentous...in his middle fifties with jolly easy manners....ratherprovincial in his speech. Birling is fairly successful in his line ofwork and is always striving to become better. He is self-importance-important and more or less pompous. He could even be described as old fashioned. Howeverhe is a warm character and the audience should perceive him as such.Examples of this self importance can be found a lot in the text. Forexample, on page seven of the text, Mr Birling rambles on about such bunk bed like The unsinkable Titanic, very little chance of aWorld War and of Russia being technically and socially behindMr Birling first became acquainted with Eva Smith when she came towork in his factory two years previously. Mr Birling started off thechain of events which lead to Evas death by firing her from her pipelinefor asking for a pay-rise and ( when the rise was refused) fororganising a strike.Although Mr Birling shows relatively little guilt or remorse for Evasdeath, I do not feel that he is entirely responsible as at the end ofthe play he does in fact feel very guilty when the Inspector delivers

The Bluest Eye abd the development of the American Novel :: Bluest Eye Essays

The Bluest Eye abd the development of the American Novel   In The Bluest Eye, Morrison describes the irrational and racist standard by which the characters are judged. And through the actions taken by each character, that absurd standard becomes more defined, the conflict more poignant. In this special work, it is the American ideal of beauty that makes Pecola resign her self-image as ugly and it is Pecolas reaction to this standard, her futile wish to become beautiful, that look ats her into madness and thus completely exposes the absurd and unlawful nature of this standard. And yet who created this standard? It is present in movies, on candy wrappers. It is completely visible, yet the creator of this standard is somewhere else, never appears as a character.   It is this fate in which a character pits him/herself against that we have seen in our study of the American novel. Faulkner has used peradventure the most obvious absent character to drive the standa rd, the dead mother. The family must react to the conflict, yet the conflict is set by someone who dies early in the novel. Social standards are apparent in Jamess world, and perhaps the father is the cause of these social standards. Yet they often see outrageous to us as readers, as there seems not to be a moral cause driving the doctors decisions, only stubbornness. In Munros stories, we see the poor react to the standard of the rich. Munro provides an example of the rich, but the characters come across as flat, underdeveloped. This is not a criticism of Munros technique it furthers the development of each character who holds themselves against this standard. Vonnegut provides an outrageous world in which the standards that life imposes seem absurd. And who has created this absurd world in which the characters seem forever at odds with? The creator we are provided is admittedly a lie. Yet the absurdities force the reactions from the characters.

Lung Cancer: A Serial Killer :: Lung Cancer Essays

&8220Lung cancer is an uncontrolled, extremely deadly division of cells in the lung (World Book, &8220Lung crabby person). The two major types of lung cancer include small and non-small cell. Many variant risk factors contribute to lung cancer. There are numerous symptoms that are difficult to detect in the early stages of lung cancer. Doctors use special machines to detect the severity of severally stage. Treat custodyts and cures differ in each individual case. Lung cancer is a huge problem because it is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women (Microsoft, &8220Lung Cancer). Both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer affect different types of cells in the lung and spread in different ways. Small cell lung cancer is express mail to a section of the chest known as the hemithorax and regional lymph nodes (World Book, &8220Lung Cancer). Small cell lung cancer usually exists early and spreads out abruptly (Virtual Hospital, 3/23/99). Non-small cell lung cancer is first confined to the lung, then spreads throughout the chest (MSKCC, &8220Lung Cancer). Small cell lung cancer spreads quickly (World Book, &8220Lung Cancer). In the United States 85 to 90 percent of all lung cancer cases are related to smoking. Cigarette smoking is the main cause of lung cancer (Scientific American, &8220Lung Cancer). Second-hand smoke, inhaled by non-smokers, increases a person&8217s occur of acquiring lung cancer (Beau Halton). Men who smoke increase their chance of dying from lung cancer about 23 times and women increase their chances 13 times (&8220Lung Cancer Awareness Campaign, 3/23/99). However, lung cancer may also be caused by long term exposure to radon, a naturally present hot gas (SIRS, &8220What is Cancer?). The residue of burned petroleum and coal can contribute to lung cancer (Scientific American, &8220Lung Cancer). The development of lung cancer seems to be also affected by genes. The gene histidine triad blocks the formation of tumors, so a def ective gene could make one more likely to form a tumor (Microsoft, &8220Lung Cancer). In the early stages of lung cancer, symptoms are hard to recognize. Symptoms usually include a persistent cough, coughing up blood, weight loss, chest or shoulder pain, swelling in the face or neck, shortness of breath, and a hoarse voice (Microsoft, &8220Lung Cancer). Repeated cases of pneumonia, a virus in which the lungs become inflamed, or bronchitis, inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchia tubes, may be warning signs for lung cancer (Scientific American, &8220Lung Cancer).

Droughts: The End of the American West Essay -- Climate Change and Dro

droughts are one of the most expensive natural hazards and have the potential to at long last for months or even years (U.S. Drought Portal). Along with famine and flooding, droughts are considered one of the top three threats to the population (Oblack). A drought is defined as an unusually long period of time with persistent lack of fall that causes serious problems. Several factors that affect the severity of a drought are the horizontal come of moisture deficiency, length, size, and location of where the drought occurs (Droughts).A drought can be categorized four ways. A Meteorological drought occurs when there are importantly lower levels of precipitation than pattern. This type of drought is dependent on the region because what would be considered normal precipitation in one area could be distinct in another region. Agricultural droughts refer to when the amount of moisture is less than what the crop in that area requires. Hydrological droughts are when the water supply i n the surface and subsurface of the ground is below normal. Socioeconomic are when the lack of water begins to affect nation (Droughts).Droughts are caused when there is less rainfall then normal on a region. When the air sinks (subsidence) there is compressional warming or high pressure, which limits the formation of clouds. As a result, there is lower humidity and less precipitation (Predicting Droughts). Additionally, if there are higher temperatures or shifts in the wind pattern this could cause the evaporation of moisture in the ground to increase (Plumer). Droughts can be aggravated by peoples overuse through heavy pumping and farming of marginal lands that puts a strain on the water supply. Additionally people affect droughts by damming rivers. ... ...id W. Hyndman. Natural Hazards and Disasters. 3rd ed. Australia Brooks/Cole, 2011. Print.Oblack, Rachelle. What Causes Droughts? About.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. .Plumer, Brad. What We Know about Climate Change and Dro ught. Wonkblog. Washington Post, 24 July 2012. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. .Predicting Droughts. National Drought Mitigation Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. .Predicting Droughts with Greater Certainty. Science Daily. N.p., 3 June 2009. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. .U.S. Drought Portal. NIDIS, n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. .

Droughts: The End of the American West Essay -- Climate Change and Dro

Droughts be one of the most expensive natural hazards and have the potential to last for months or even so years (U.S. Drought Portal). A farseeing with famine and flooding, droughts are considered one of the top three threats to the population (Oblack). A drought is defined as an unusually long period of time with persistent lack of rush that causes serious problems. Several factors that affect the severity of a drought are the degree of moisture deficiency, length, size, and berth of where the drought occurs (Droughts).A drought can be categorized four ways. A Meteorological drought occurs when there are significantly lower levels of precipitation than normal. This type of drought is dependent on the region because what would be considered normal precipitation in one area could be different in other region. Agricultural droughts refer to when the amount of moisture is less than what the crop in that area requires. Hydrological droughts are when the water supply in the surface and subsurface of the earthly concern is below normal. Socioeconomic are when the lack of water begins to affect people (Droughts).Droughts are caused when there is less rainfall then normal on a region. When the air sinks (subsidence) there is compressional warming or high pressure, which limits the formation of clouds. As a result, there is lower humidity and less precipitation (Predicting Droughts). Additionally, if there are higher temperatures or shifts in the wind pattern this could cause the evaporation of moisture in the ground to increase (Plumer). Droughts can be aggravated by peoples overuse through heavy pumping and farming of marginal lands that puts a strain on the water supply. Additionally people affect droughts by damming rivers. ... ...id W. Hyndman. Natural Hazards and Disasters. 3rd ed. Australia Brooks/Cole, 2011. Print.Oblack, Rachelle. What Causes Droughts? About.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. .Plumer, Brad. What We Know about Climate Change and Drought. Wonkblog. Washington Post, 24 July 2012. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. .Predicting Droughts. National Drought Mitigation Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. .Predicting Droughts with Greater Certainty. Science Daily. N.p., 3 June 2009. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. .U.S. Drought Portal. NIDIS, n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. .

Cougar or Coyote Essay

The oilskin is an important archetype in any religion or myth because it provides an outlet for all of the chaotic and destructive emotions and tendencies of a people that are controlled by a larger social construct. It is through a cheating figure that people of a religion or society are able to explore the more untamed side of their nature darn to boot presenting them with the consequences of those desires. The prankster is a figure that at once both mocks social morals and at the same time also reinforces those morals by showing the pandemonium and trouble that arises if the people do non follow the rules that are in place.The trickster also allows the people of a religion to express ideas and desires that magnate not ordinarily be acceptable in their society. In this way the trickster plays a actually important and cathartic role in a religion or myth. genus genus genus Penelope, from Homers The Odyssey, is a woman of grit and spirit. Ellen Shull declares in her essay Valu ing Multiple Critical Approaches Penelope, Again and Again that Penelope is the paragon of resilient charwoman (32). However, a trickster god, like varlet from Wu Cheng-ens novel Monkey, and a mortal woman like Penelope appear to have noaffair in common.Their roles are so different and their apparent purposes are even more so. On the surface it may seem as though Penelope from The Odyssey shares very little resemblance with a trickster god. However, when one takes a closer look the similarities become more obvious. Penelope is at once a reigning figure that adheres to the social norms of her patriarchal society plot of land still rebelliously challenging the acknowledged rules of how a woman should behave. This can be seen as how a trickster like Monkey is used in myth to subvert a societys own beliefs.Penelope is the other(a) side of the expunge of what it means to be a trickster. She is the female version as it were. Penelope may not be male, amoral, animal, or talismanic s olely she is cunning, childish, inventive, and she also a subversive figure within her patriarchal society. The most obvious source of incompatibility of Penelope being a trickster is that she is female while the trickster is usually a male like Monkey. Now, unless Penelope was even more deceitful than anyone had ever imagined then it is safe to say that she is not a trickster god based on that one quality alone.Leeming states that the trickster is always male (163). Obviously, Penelope is not male which means that she is, according to Leeming, not a trickster god, no exceptions. But if Leeming were to make an exception then Penelope would be one. Penelope is a woman who must work once morest all the restrictions and smother bounds that her society uses to leash women in order to trick the people surrounding her and she does. She deceives the suitors and even her own conserve (Mueller, 337). Penelope even has long long-wearing deceptions that fool people for years.The sexual orga ns Penelope was born with seem to be of little importance when compared to the massive opposing powers and influences that she if forced to undermine and contend against. The next point of disparity between Penelope and a trickster figure like Monkey is that the trickster is seen as a philandering, unprincipled, hooligan. The trickster is considered to be an ethically neutral figure with a propensity for getting into humorous predicaments. Leeming calls the trickster amoraloutrageous and is untamed by the larger social conscience).Monkey is a perfect example of this side of a trickster. Monkey is not exactly immoral he just has his own sense of what the right thing to do is and he is overwhelmingly selfish. Every action and quest he takes at the beginning of his story is motivated by his desire to be graven image and to gain power. Even when Monkey protects his other monkey subjects he does so because he wants to maintain his kingship more than out of a fear for their safety and w ellbeing. matchless could even posit that the monkeys would be better off without him because he brings the wrath of heaven down upon them.Monkey has all these qualities that Leeming states a trickster is comprised of. Penelope, on the other hand, is none of these things. In fact, she is usually remembered for her faithfulness to her husband even though he was gone for twenty years. Penelope waits in Ithaca for Odysseus. She looks after his home, his son and his estate. She weeps alone(predicate) tears but nothing induces her to betray her husband and to neglect her duties, not even under pressure from the suitors does she contemplate infidelity (Smit, 393-394).Her unwavering loyalty to her husband and her devotion to the gods are not the sort of characteristics seen in the trickster who typically represents lower or baser instincts and functions. Penelope is a classy lady but again she also has that side to her that rebels at the rules of her culture. Some might even call her a v ain tease for keeping her suitors around for so long while never picking one or giving in to their masculine power. Penelope, also, does not fit in the trickster category because she is only human while a trickster is usually an animal.Leeming states that a trickster takes animal form (163). Monkey obviously fits into this category. Not only is he a monkey but he has mystical origins. He was born from a stone. In fact Monkeys animal form is a point of ire for him because he in Monkey he tries become more and more human-like. He starts wearing clothes and stands upright in an attempt to appear more human. This fight between animal and human characteristics is vital in a trickster figure because that animal quality is in part what allows them to get away with their mischief. Penelope is no dog. Or any animal for that matter.She is in fact a very desirable woman with scores of suitors fighting for her hand in marriage. This does not help her in the trickster category but it does, how ever, show how her apricot and desirability are in part what allow her to get away with her schemes. Her beauty can even be seen as her animal side because it basically serves the same function that the animal form serves the trickster. An animal form, or in the elusion of Penelope, her beauty, is a metaphor of who they are and it allows them to be more completely that character and it allows them to do things that would not ordinarily be acceptable within that society.Penelopes beauty is what allows her to subvert her patriarchal culture because her beauty gives her power over her suitors. She is a woman but she uses that to her advantage. It could also been seen that being a woman in the time of The Odyssey was akin to being an animal because it was such a male dominant culture where woman were little more than chattel or dicker pieces. Maybe Penelope has more trickster qualities than are first apparent. The last way that Penelope does not fit into the trickster category is that she has no supernatural powers. Leeming ().She has no magical powers which show even further how she is not like a trickster. The trickster is almost always a supernatural figure. This category obviously denotes that a trickster has otherworldly abilities with which to influence outcomes. Penelope works entirely in the realm of her intelligence to bring about the results and tricks that she has concocted. This can make Penelope seem as being more skilled than a god who needs magic to bring about the outcome that he so desires. When compared to Penelope supernatural powers might be viewed as cheating.

Ethics †Morality Essay

5. FAIRNESS. Ethical executives strive to be fair and just in all dealings. They do non exercise power arbitrarily nor do they use overreaching or indecent means to gain or maintain any advantage nor receive undue advantage of anothers mistakes or difficulties. Ethical executives manifest a commitment to justice, the equal treatment of individuals, tolerance for and acceptance of diversity. They are broad-minded willing to admit they are wrong and, where appropriate, change their positions and beliefs.A psyche who is caring exhibits the following behaviors* Expresses gratitude to others* Forgives others* Helps people in need* Is compassionateA person who is fair exhibits the following behaviors* Is open-minded and listens to others* Takes turns and shares* Does not lay the blame on others needlessly* Is equitable and impartiaA person who is trustworthy exhibits the following behaviors * Acts with integrity* Is clean and does not deceive* Keeps his/ her promises* Is consistent* I s loyal to those that are not present* Is reliable* Is credible* Has a good reputation. FAIRNESSFairness is a tricky concept. Disagreeing parties tend to maintain that there is only one fair position their own. But while some situations and decisions are clearly unfair, fairness normally refers to a range of morally justifiable come oncomes rather than discovery of one fair answer. ProcessA fair person uses open and unbiased processes for conclave and evaluating information necessary to make decisions. Fair people do not wait for the truth to come to them they seek out relevant information and conflict perspectives before making important decisions. ImpartialityDecisions should be unbiased without favouritism or prejudice. EquityIt is important not to take advantage of the weakness, disadvantage or ignorance of others. Fairness requires that an individual, company, or society correct mistakes, promptly and voluntarily.5. CARINGCaring is the heart of ethics. It is scarcely possib le to be truly ethical and not genuinely concerned with the welfare others. That is be obtain ethics is ultimately about our responsibilities toward other people. Sometimes we must hurt those we care for and some decisions, while quite ethical, do cause pain. But one should consciously cause no more harm than is reasonably necessary.CharityGenerosity toward others or toward humaniheerfulnessThe quality of being cheerful and dispelling lugubriousnessGenerosityLiberality in giving or willingness to giveHelpfulnessThe property of providing useful assistance or friendliness evidence by a kindly and helpful disposition PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY Another basic customer right involves our taking personal honesty and responsibility for the products and services that we offer. in that respects probably no issue that will more seriously affect our reputation than a failure of responsibility. Many ethical disasters have started out as small problems that mushroomed. Especially in service busin esses, where the products are delivered by individuals to other individuals, personal responsibility is a critical issue.

Metonymy and Euphemisms

In the previous chapter I presented the default cases of metonymy and how cognitive and communicative principles govern the pickaxe of a preferred metonymic vehicle. These principles enable us to understand why we choose certain entities to access a target and why many vehicle-to-target routes contribute been conventionalized in the language. However, it sometimes occurs that cognitive and communicative principles be overridden beca consumption of the speakers expressive needs or a particular social situation.The trespass of the principles in question may result in the use of metonymy ground euphemisms which I will try to explore in the following discussion. As it was mentioned before, on that point are certain cognitive and communicative principles which count for the choice of preferred metonymic vehicles. Among cognitive principles we distinguish for manikin, the HUMAN OVER NON-HUMAN, the CONCRETE OVER ABSTRACT, the intelligent GESTALT OVER POOR GESTALT or the SPECIFIC OVER GENERIC principle. Kovecses and Radden (1998 45-50) notice that cognitive principles mainly contribute to human experience, perceptual selectivity and cultural preference.Most of the sights conceptualizations is affected by our human experiences and perceptions. Thus, we attach greater importance to things that we give the gate easily perceive and interact with. Cultural preferences are also prodigious factors in determining our choice of certain vehicles in metonymy. Therefore, we often select the stereotypical, ideal or typical members of a category to stand for that category. In the example He has a great heart the cognitive principle CONCRETE OVER ABSTRACT is applied.The hearer encounters no difficulty in understanding the metonymy since we hightail it to refer to concrete physical object which are more salient than abstract entities. Thus the hearer knows that the speaker is talking about a mortal who is very harming and not about one whose heart has a large size. T he default selection of a metonymic vehicle is also refractory by two communicative principles, namely the principle of clarity and the principle of relevance. Entities that are clear and relevant are more preferred to those that are slight clear and relevant.Therefore, in a sentence people achieve the intended target effortlessly since the principle CLEAR OVER OBSCURE governs the understanding of the metonymy. Yet, as Radden and Kovecses (1998 53) state, cognitive and communicative principles account for the choice of default routes, they are unable to explain the selection of non-default cases of metonymy. One of the examples of non-default routes are metonymic euphemisms. Radden and Kovecses (1998 53) suggest that what may account for the non-default selection is social considerations.It means that the speaker refrains from uttering a clear, literal expression because he does not want to sound vulgar or indiscrete. The authors (1998 52) also jut out that rhetorical prepares m ay be an some other reason for choosing a non-default route. The examples of these strategies will be presented later in the discussion. First, however, the term euphemism has to be explained and reasons for its incident in language explored. The word euphemism is of a Greek origin and it means good sounding, good auguring, mild. In dictionaries it is shaped as a rhetorical device.Since Polish and position examples of metonymy-based euphemisms will be presented in the paper, I will give some explanations of the term in question coming from Polish and English linguistic sources. Dictionary of Contemporary English (1990 346) gives the following definition the use of a pleasanter, less direct name for something thought to be unpleasant. Allan and Burridge (1991 14) purpose that euphemisms are alternatives to dispreferred expressions and are used to avoid possible loss of face either ones own or, by giving offense, that of the audience, or of some third party.Another explanation com es from Polish. All in all, as Dabrowska (1993 51) summarizes euphemisms are all those words or phrases that bring positive or so-so(p) connotations. They are used to avoid or soothe a name of dispreferred expression and the reasons for the occurrence of euphemisms are paralinguistic (psychological, social, ideological or political). That is to say, euphemisms are widely active in language in response to prohibiteds. Generally speaking, a taboo is prohibition of certain behaviours (including language ones) that can bring harm or perplexity to the hearer.As there is a wide spectrum of areas where the term taboo operates, different definitions of this phenomenon exist. Nevertheless, as Dabrowska (1993 17) points out, almost all the explanations which appear in dictionaries, encyclopaedias and linguistic papers define taboo as a prohibition of a certain type, a phenomenon which should be avoided or treated economic aidfully because of the possession of harmful, dangerous powers. A taboo guards certain human values and social norms.Since a taboo is a ban of certain behaviours it also refers to the linguistic behaviour. It means that some words are forbidden to be communicated or preferred to be avoided. The reasons for the avoidance are mainly connected with religious beliefs, superstitions, death, end up or politics. Thus, what the speaker can do is either not to use a prohibited expression or to substitute it for another one euphemism. In other words, a euphemism is a linguistic response to a ban of uttering certain words.Let us now discuss the reasons that stand behind the appearance of a linguistic taboo and therefore, the occurrence of euphemisms. In the past, people were afraid of referring directly to the names of certain supernatural beings and to the names of certain animals. They believed that those creatures possessed some magical and supernatural powers. Thus, people matt-up fear and anxiety for them and did not mention directly the names of God or such animals as a bear or a lion. It resulted in expressions the Lord or the All-Mighty.Ullmann (1967 205-6) calls this phenomenon taboo of fear. Dabrowska (1993 27-8) observes that this kind of motivation was stronger in the past but it cannot be stated that it is not present currently. Nowadays, euphemistic expressions do by fear are those associated with the devil. Holders (1987 ) gives such instances as Lord of the flies, black gentleman, Old Scratch and Ullmann (1967 205) lists Nick and Hangie. Many scholars notice that the use of euphemisms is determined by courtesy, kindness and delicacy.The speaker avoids expressions that can offend or distress the hearer. Ullmann and Kany (1967 206-7) call this phenomenon taboo of delicacy. Due to the existence of taboo of delicacy we do not talk explicitly about death, diseases, physical and mental defects or criminal actions, especially when they directly involve our interlocutors. For example, instead of adopting very explicit verb to die we may substitute it for a euphemistic phrase to pass away which seems to be a milder and more appropriate form in many cases.In other situations the use of euphemisms is motivated by taboo of propriety (Ullmann, 1967 207-8). Norms of decency make people avoid a direct reference to such topics as sex, swearing or certain body parts and their functions. The speakers decency, modesty and sometimes his embarrassment refrain him from mentioning troublesome subjects directly. Therefore, one can talk about having sex using a euphemistic expression to sleep with. It is also very common that people ask about the location of a place where they can wash their hands or powder their nose, meaning a toilet.Leszczynski (1988 22) observes that avoiding certain expressions is caused also by the speakers disapproval of some words or phrases. Thus, the speaker does not use these words or tries to communicate them in a milder and more pleasant way. Leszczynski (1988 22) emphasizes that a very s ignificant factor which motivates the use of euphemisms is on the one hand, the protection of hearers feelings and sensitivity and on the other, the protection of the speaker himself. The former situation results from the speakers echt care about his interlocutor or his false concern which only aims at avoiding peoples disapproval.With respect to the protection of the speaker, he either believes in what he is saying or wants to meet with the acceptance of society. As Dabrowska (1993 26-7) points out, the speakers use of euphemisms in response to the taboo of propriety may be an effect of hypocrisy. The author (1993 26-7) claims that people sometimes do not make a direct reference to certain body parts and bodily functions not because of their real need but because of being prudish. Dabrowska (1993 27) also observes that the speakers cunning and his self-interest is a highly common factor for euphemizing.In order to take a shit the hearers positive attitude, that is necessary to at tain certain goal, the speaker emphasizes the value of certain things. He presents himself and his actions in the most favourable light and raises their prestige. This kind of behaviour aims at bewitching hearers and making them, for instance, to buy certain advertised products or, in politics, to believe in politicians good intentions. Motivation based on cunning and the speakers self-interest is characteristic for euphemisms present in the language of advertising, politics, propaganda and diplomacy.For example, it is politically correct to use an expression excess of exertion force instead of unemployment. In the language of politics we frequently hear about price regulation which is a gentler phrase for rise in prices. As it was presented, there are numerous factors that school the use of euphemistic expressions. Similarly, a wide spectrum of linguistic ways for euphemizing exist. One of them is metonymy which is commonly used to employ euphemisms in language.Just to remind, We bsters Third New International Dictionary ( ) defines metonymy as a substitution of the name of one entity for the name of another entity on the condition that these entities are related to each other. Radden and Kovecses (1999 18) add that the substitution of entities is not enough. What is essential is that metonymy interrelates these entities to form a new, complex meaning. Langacker (1993 30) perceives metonymy as a reference-point phenomenon in which a reference point an entity evoked by a metonymic expression makes possible accessing the desired target.

Childcare Essay

I am required to carry out an assignment on equivalence and Diversity. My aim is to ensure more nigh equality and diversity and to understand about discrimination, bias and prejudice. I will be including laws and regulations for equality and diversity in ECCE settings, for example the equal status act 2000-2004 and the UN Convention on the rights of the Child 1989. I will also discuss with my supervisor in my workplace about what measures they have in place to in order that equality and diversity is in place in the setting. I will also make both(prenominal) suggestions on how to improve an anti-bias childcare environment. My aim is also to highlight activities that could benefit the setting and in which the setting ct is important for me as the student to understand and recognise the importance of equality and diversity in the setting and to understand myself when the day comes when I want to pursue my career in childcare that where improvements postulate to made in the ECCE se tting I will be able to recognise where changes need to be and it will also help me on my intimacy of the laws that are in place for EEquality and DiversityEquality refers to therecognise different individuals needs and of ensuring equity in terms of access, participation and benefiting all children and their families. It is thereof not about treating all people the same. Equality is an essential characteristic of quality in ECEC. It is there to support all childrens development in Ireland. Equality is that every childs needs are recognised and supported. Diversity refers to the diverse nature of society for example on terms of tender class, gender, returned Irish emigrant, family status, minority groups and the majority groups. Diversity is that the differences in people such as gender, race, age, language, sexual orientation, religion and family structure. it states that quality in ECEC settings acknowledge and respect diversity and ensure that all children their families have their individual, personal, cultural and linguistic identity validates.

New Jersey corrections officer

capital of Minnesota Leaders has been a New Jersey Department of department of corrections Officer (NJDCO) for over ten historic period. As a NJDCO, capital of Minnesotas role and responsibility is to ensure the custody, safety and c atomic number 18 of venomous offenders confined in state bailiwickal facilities (www.state.nj.us/corrections). It is his duty to ensure the safety and welfare of the ply and inmate population, assist in the rehabilitative efforts for those incarcerated individuals returning to the community and promote public support for the operation and objectives of the Department of Corrections (www.state.nj.us/corrections).At the age of 25, capital of Minnesota began his career with the Department of Corrections. Before he became a full-fledge corrections office, he had to go by means of a screening process. The pre-employment screening is a four class process that includes filling out an application, taking a video test, completing a computer background asses sment, a general and intensive background check, a drug test, a written psych exam, a medical exam and a psych interview. If an interviewee stirs through the screening successfully, next comes a 14 week training physique at the academy and then an on the vocation test period (www.state.nj.us/corrections). The pre-employment screening is vigorous to discourage those who are non serious around devising the Department of Corrections their career of choice.Once Paul successfully completed his screening, his on the job test period began in a youth facility. His eye were opened to the harsh realities of his position when he was attacked by a 15 year-old inmate. Although, he was not seriously hurt, his perspective changed. Paul realized that to do his job to the best of his ability and to protect himself and his co-workers, he had to treat all inmates as dangerous, no matter what their age. Throughout the years, the dangers associated with his career choice were clearly seen. NJDOCs are often put in a variety of sticky situations.The ratio of officers to inmates is 1 to 3 (www.njpp.org/rpt_moneyfornothing). Since they are out-numbered, a NJDOCs goal is to stop potentially harmful situations before they happen. Paul learned many valuable techniques in his psychology classes during his 14-week training process. (www.state.nj.us/corrections). It is so much easier to prevent situations from happening than to try to break a situation once it has started.Paul has found the most challenging aspect of being a NJDCO is the personal standard necessary. An NJDCO must(prenominal) have a higher set of standards when the bars clang shut. A daily part of the job includes being taunted, called out of your name, and possibly attacked. Through all this, a NJDCO cannot retaliate. It is not the correction officers place to get angry or respond in kind. They must turn away when an inmate is purposely assay to rile them. If an officer hurts an inmate or is caught abusing their au thority, they will be fired. The duty of a NJDCO is to uphold the laws of the penal code and treat inmates with respect.NJDCOs spend time at lease forty hours a week with inmates. Officers get to know the inmates extremely well and see facets of the human psyche many people are unconscious(predicate) of. 40% of NJDOC offenders were convicted of a violent offense such as homicide, sexual assault, aggravated or simple assault, robbery, kidnapping and other personal offenses (terrorist threats, coercion, larceny from a person, death by auto and negligent manslaughter) (www.state.nj.us/corrections).Dealing with inmates intimately is no walk in the park. Officer relationships with inmates have gone from one extreme to another. most officers have been charged with bringing inmates contraband and others have been charged with assault on an inmate. The key to survival is finding the balance living in the midpoint is an NJDCO officers way.The department of corrections has a code of ethic s that must be adhered to if an officer is to last on the job. It is necessary to hold in confidence all information gained on the job, no gifts or services can be accepted from inmates or family members and no personal or fiscal gain is to be made that is in conflict with duties or will impair objectivity or judgment (www.state.nj.us/corrections). To sum it up, be honest and do your job. Unfortunately, for some, thats easier said than done.The Department of Corrections has a Hearing Appeals Section and an Administrative Law/Civil Employment Litigation Section that handles employee discipline/grievances and resolves efforts against employees (www.state.nj.us/corrections). Whenever a corrections officer is facing an ethical issue, representation is provided so that the officers rights are not violated.Of course, there are specific laws correction officers must obey and if they knowingly exceed the extent of their power then they can face a judge and possibly go to jail. The added s tress of the job decreases the correction officers life span to 59 years (www.jrank.org). Therefore, it is necessary to have your guard up continuously if you want to make wise choices, get through the workday with your personal honor intact and live longer than what some researchers have predicted.The stress of the job has caused Paul to think thought about moving into a different area of law enforcement but this might require more training and school daying. As a corrections officer, his high school diploma was all he needed, along with being a US citizen, having a valid New Jersey drivers license, speaking English well and being able to handle the job physically and psychologically. Although he took extra courses during training, he does not believe that will be enough for a transfer to a different department. Paul has not investigated the move and after an especially hard day with the inmates, he promises himself that he will.Prolonged contact with inmates is the primary(pren ominal) difference between NJDCO positions and other law enforcement positions. Policemen and detectives, for example, investigate crimes and track criminals. They whitethorn have to face the individuals in court, but once they are locked up, their contact with the criminal is over. A NJDCOs contact with the criminal begins after the other law enforcement officers contact has ended and that contact lasts as long as the inmates sentence.For the first some years of his career, Paul found fulfillment on his job. He is serving his state, providing a needed assistance, protecting the residents of New Jersey and helping his fellow officers. Now, he cant say that. The stress of not knowing what will happen from day to day is extremely hard and the last few years have been a struggle. The constant hassle of the job has become overwhelming and is causing a strain on his marriage of 2 years. The fact that he cannot express why he dissatisfied and he does not want to talk about the job increa ses to the couples frustration.Add the fact that he cannot talk about confidential information and the situation gets dangerous. Communication between Paul and his wife has gone from bad to worse. Because they are planning to have children, Paul recently transferred from the youth facility to a minimum security prison. They are hoping this change will decrease his stress and ease the strain in their relationship. Paul believes the transfer will make a big difference in his attitude and stress level, increasing his job satisfaction.In New Jersey, the Department of Corrections is made up of minimum, medium and maximum-security prisons. With 14 major institutions, including 8 male prisons, 3 youth facilities, 1 female prison, and one prison for sex offenders, there were plenty of facilities for Paul to choose from. Moving to a maximum-security prison would have meant an increase in pay but for Paul, added money would have brought added stress. This wasnt the case when Pauls career bega n but today, the salary for a corrections officer is $43,000. The max amount for a senior corrections officer is $65,000, achieved in nine step increments (www.state.nj.us/corrections).There are over ten different promotions available to senior corrections officers, which include, Central Transportation, Correction Staff Training Academy, exact Incident Negotiation Teams, Custody Recruitment Unit and SRP Boot Camp. These are just some of the positions available to Senior Correction Officers (www.state.nj.us/corrections). Although, all officers go through rigorous training that includes coursework, most officers who move into higher positions have additional schooling. If things go well in his new position, Paul believes that one day, he may be ready to interview for one of the promotional positions.Paul believes the key to a successful career in the Department of Corrections is to walk on the job daily with a mindset of integrity and tactfulness mixed with firmness. Inmates are peo ple, just like you, no matter what theyve done. An officer cannot take their crimes quietly but an officer must, to the best of their ability, treat them with respect. Then, do your job, have a life outside of work, leave your job at the door and choose to be happy. That may be the key. Paul hopes it will be the key to his future happiness and the future happiness of his family.References2006. Retrieved April 3, 2007 from http//www.jrank.org.Forsberg, Mary E. Money for Nothing? The Financial woo of New Jerseys Death Penalty. November 2005. Retrieved April 6, 2007 from http//www.njpp.org.New Jersey Department of Corrections. 1996. Retrieved April 3, 2007 from http//www.state.nj.us/corrections.

Marraige Life vs Singal Life

The difference between the pairing liveliness and the single life is in that location ar advantages, and disadvantages. Although married life sounds stable, there are more benefits to organism single, in the short and long term picture. (Marriage Vs Single Life. ) In to solar day society a lot of nation are being married and still being single. This particular way of thing has changed their lives. In this compare and contrast the difference between single and married people lives. Single life mainly has no responsibility at all. Being single you get intot have to come home to anyone.If you like being alone this is the perfect lifestyle for you. You dont have to share your money, everything is about you. There are a lot of people that would like to be stress free no one nagging them. Single people can spend their time with anyone they choose. They can come in at anytime they like, and they dont have to worry about cleaning up behind others. They just have to clean up behind the selves. Single people in like manner have very big trust issue. Marriage people have the companionship of each other and their children. Compared to the single people married people entry are too busy.Married people have to conduct their partners and children lives as well. Married people cant live a free life if they want to go with their friends they have to let their partner know there are rules to having a happy successful life. Never both partners be huffy at once, never yell all ways talk problems out in a normal voice. Never discuss your problem around a crowd of people, always agree with your partner around crowds , but if you disagree let them know later. Being married emotional support is expected or given with every thought or action.I would choose the married life over the single life. I love the sharing part and the company. Ive always love being around people so I personally think that I would be a good candidate for the marriage life. I wouldnt choose the single li fe because being single and coming to your own empty house not having anyone waiting for me to share my day or thoughts. In this conclusion being single takes a toll on you, while being married has its toll too. But you have someone too,but you will have someone deeply share them with a true friend for life like the marriage says. Till death do us part.

Advanced Paramedical Science

malady and regurgitate is a comm still encountered problem in the emergency department as it accompanies a multitude of conditions ranging from seemingly benign conditions such as migraine and gastroenteritis to potentially lethal conditions such pancreatitis and the abrupt abdomen.Studies from the U.S pass on shown that each year, almost 8 million individuals present to the emergency department with strike up of na personaa and vomiting, either as a principal complain or as a part of an another(prenominal) disease etiology (Braude, Soliz, Crandall, Hendey, Andrews, & Weichenthal, 2006, p. 77).Na social functiona and vomiting be not distinct disease entities. Rather, they are symptoms which fucking be present in a wide range of disease conditions and are considered to be the end-points of several pathological processes (Klosterhalfen and Enck cited in Kowalski, Rapps, & Enck, 2006 p.28). The term nausea refers to the subjective timber or the urge to regurgitate gastric cont ents (Kuver, Sheffield, & McDonald, n.d.).From a physiological point of view, this is associated with reduced gastric motility and enlarged smooth muscle vestige of the small intestine. Moreover, there might also be the presence of reverse peristalsis in the small intestine, which can seduce the feeling of imminent vomitive (Bowen, n.d.).On the other hand, vomiting refers to the forceful discharge of gastric contents (Kuver, Sheffield, & McDonald, n.d.) which is meant to serve the purpose of protecting the gastrointestinal tract from potentially harmful substances by pr level(p)ting their accounting entry and transit through the gastrointestinal tract (Kuver, Sheffield, & McDonald, n.d.).Vomiting, if persistent can have several potentially hazardous consequences such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic derangements, manifesting as alkalosis and even bleeding and esophageal perforation (Kuver, Sheffield, & McDonald, n.d.). Moreover, from the patients perspective, n ausea and vomiting can be distressful and thus appropriate and timely management of these two conditions is imperative.The Physiology of Nausea and Vomiting an overview of the stimuli and pathway involvedFor several decades this instant, it has been established that the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain which is responsible for vomit is the area posterema. This is a region located at the dorsal surface of the medulla oblongata near the caudal end of the quadrupleth ventricle. It is one of the circumventricular organs and by the virtue of possessing a relatively permeable blood-brain barrier, is keen to a variety of stimuli (Sanger & Andrews, 2006, p. 5).Thus, it plays an important role in emesis. Studies have shown that there are five main kinds of stimuli which can trigger nausea and vomiting via divergent pathways viz. the presence of toxic materials within the gut lumen, presence of toxins in the blood, a pathology within the gut, a telephone exchange nervous system (CNS) stimulus or disturbances in the vestibular system (Sanger & Andrews, 2006, p. 5). The chemical mechanism whereby each of these stimuli brings about nausea and vomiting is discussed below.The presence of toxic materials within the gut lumenThe presence of toxins, such as drugs has been shown to stimulate the enteroendocrine cells, such as the enterochromaffin cells, located in the gut mucosa and result in the release of several mediators such as 5HT3, content P and CCK.This results in the stimulation of vagal afferent neurons which are located in the abdomen. These neurons traverse through the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and are projected to the dorsal brainstem, with both(prenominal) projection in to the area posterema (Sanger & Andrews, 2006, p. 5).Presence of toxins in the bloodToxins which have been absorbed and are circulating in the bloodstream can directly stimulate the area posterema and lay down induction of emesis (Sanger & Andrews, 2006, p. 5). This is the m ost common mechanism whereby ingested or parenterally administered drugs, such as chemotherapeutic agents and other toxins such as drugs of abuse, invoke the vomit solution.Gastrointestinal tract pathologiesCertain pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, such as gastritis or hypertrophic pyloric stenosis can stimulate the vagal afferents or directly activate the pathways leading to emesis (Sanger & Andrews, 2006, p. 6).Central nervous system (CNS) stimuliCertain stimuli such as intense fear, anticipatory anxiety, injury to the brain or a sudden increase in the intracranial pressing can induce emesis (Sanger & Andrews, 2006, p. 6). The mechanism involved in such a response has not yet been elucidated clearly.Disturbances in the vestibular systemAmongst other manifestations of disturbances in the vestibular system, such as dizziness, nausea and vomiting is also an important symptom. The vestibular system has been shown to directly stimulate the pathways involved in the emetic re sponse and hence produce nausea and vomiting (Sanger & Andrews, 2006, p. 6).All these stimuli have been shown to stimulate various pathways which have one common outcome viz. the stimulation of the emetic warmheartedness in the area posterema. (Kuver, Sheffield, & McDonald, n.d.). Several receptors, both central and peripheral, have been implicated in bringing about emesis.Amongst these the most pertinent ones are Dopaminergic receptors (particularly D2), Histaminergic receptors (especially H1), Muscuranic receptors (including M3/M5), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, in particular, 5-HT3 and the neurokinnin receptor, NK1 (Sanger & Andrews, 2006, p. 8)Once any of the above mentioned stimuli are encountered, an afferent response as discussed above is generated. This results in the activation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the area posterema. Subsequently, a repel response is generated, whereby efferent pathways involving the cranial nerves V, VII, IX and X are activated. Moreove r, autonomic responses are also generated (Kuver, Sheffield, & McDonald, n.d.).The vagal efferents to various muscle groups such as those located in the esophagus, stomach and the intestine are activated bringing about stimulation of these muscles (Sanger & Andrews, 2006, p. 6). Moreover, abdominal muscles, phrenic muscles and the diaphragm are also moved(p) to bring about the required increase in the intra-abdominal pressure. The combination of both these personal effects leads to the regurgitation of the gastric contents.Moreover, this is also accompanied by various other manifestations such as an increase in salivation, brought about by the stimulation of the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve, autonomic stimulation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and vasoconstriction of discase vessels (Sanger & Andrews, 2006, p. 6).Antiemetic drugs use in pre-hospital careNausea and vomiting are commonly encountered clinical problems. Over the years, several anti-emetic m edications have been discovered to effectively alleviate the symptoms of nausea and vomiting.These drugs work by blocking the pathways involved in the cosmos and output of emesis. Various drugs have been developed which block the different receptors, both central and peripheral, involved in producing emesis.The anti-emetic medications which are used in common clinical practice can be grouped in to seven major categories according to their mode of action. These include anti-cholinergics, antiserotonins, antihistamines, Benzamides, Butyrophenones, Phenothiazines and steroids (Scuderi, 2003, p. 43).The mechanism of action and the dosages of the foursome main anti-emetics used in Ambulance Services in Australia are discussed below1. Metoclopramide (Maxolon)Metoclopramide has been used in clinical practice for several decades now as an antiemetic and a prokinetic agent (Walkembach, Bruss, Urban, & Barann, 2005, p. 50). These antiemetic functions are thought to be brought about by the antagonistic actions of Metoclopramide on the dopamine (D2) receptors, both central and peripheral, and also on the 5HT3 receptors (Walkembach, Bruss, Urban, & Barann, 2005, p. 50).On the other hand, the prokinetic action of Metoclopramide are brought about by the relaxation of the pyloric sphincter, the increase in the strength and frequency of peristalsis and an increase in the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter (Australasia, 2008).This drug is procurable in both tablet (white, round, 7mm in diameter) and injection (colorless, aqueous solution) forms (Australasia, 2008). The maximum drug of Metoclopramide commonly used in all age groups is up to 0.5 mg/kg body weight.The recommended dosage regimen for adults is 10mg three times daily plot of ground for children it varies between 2.5mg-5mg three times daily (Australasia, 2008). The metabolism of Metoclopramide takes place in the liver and it is eliminated from the body predominantly via the kidney. (Australasia, 2008)2. Proc hlorperazine (Stemetil)Prochlorperazine is a phenothiazine which has been shown to block the dopamine receptors (D2) in the chemoreceptor trigger zone located near the area posterema. By blockage of these receptors, Prochlorperazine exerts its antiemetic actions. The recommended dosage of Prochlorperazine in is 10 mg endovenously (Goodman and Gilmans The pharmacological Basis of Therapeutic cited in Ernst, Weiss, Park, Takakuwa, & Diercks, 2000, p. 92).In emergency practice, IV administration of 2.5-10 mg of Prochlorperazine at a rate of up to 5mg/min is recommended for adults. The maximum dose should not exceed 40mg per day. Moreover, IM injections of this drug are also available. They are administered at a dose of 5-10 mg every 3-4 hours (Bartlett, 2009, p. 861).3. Ondansetron (Zofran)Ondansetron is a carbazole derivative and is a potent antiemetic drug which is widely used in alleviating the symptoms of nausea and vomiting associated with chemo- and radio- therapies and also in t he management of post-operative nausea and vomiting (Scuderi, 2003, p. 59). Its proposed mechanism of action is via selective dislike at the level of the 5 HT3 receptors (Scuderi, 2003, p. 59).Chemotherapeutic agents are thought to bring about nausea and vomiting via the stimulation of enterochromaffin cells in the gut mucosa leading to 5HT3 production and subsequent vagal stimulation. This pathway is blocked by 5HT3 antagonists such as Ondansetron.Ondansetron has been shown to have a short half life of approximately 3 to 5 h (Ho & Gan, 2006, p. 607). The recommended dosage of Ondansetron varies between 8-16 mg twice daily (Bartlett, 2009).4. promethazine (Phenergan)Promethazine is also a phenothiazine but is shown to have dual modes of action. It not only blocks the dopamine receptors (D2) but has also been shown to have anti-H1 histamine receptor effects. It is used for a wide range of purposes including in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo and even allergies (Bartlett, 2 009, p. 869).The recommended oral dose of Promethazine is 25 mg twice daily. It can also be administered intravenously at a dose of 12.5-25 mg every four hours. The maximum dose is 150 mg/day (Bartlett, 2009, p. 869).PART IIThere are several clinical conditions which can present with the symptoms of nausea and vomiting. Amongst these the most common condition is gastroenteritis, migraines and pancreatic amongst others.The adequate and timely management of patients with nausea and vomiting has posed a challenge for the clinicians for several decades and although several effective anti-emetics have been discovered, there has been a quest for a single anti-emetic which is efficient, loyal acting and relatively safe.In the practice of ambulance services and emergency situations, different anti-emetics are commonly used including Metoclopramide, Chlorpromazine, Ondansetron and Promethazine. Amongst these, in my opinion, the most capable drug for use in the ambulance service and emerge ncy departments is Metoclopramide.This is because on comparing the onset of action, clinical efficacy and side effect profiles of the most common anti-emetic agents, it is evident that Prochlorperazine is superior to all other agents used. Moreover, its cost, availability and easy administration make it suitable for use in the emergency practice. Following is a comparison of the four most commonly used anti-emetic drugs.A common concern with the use of any drug is its safety and side effect profile. Safety becomes more important piece of music dealing with patients in the emergency or ambulance care since limited resources, time and personnel are available in such settings, and the prime concern is the stabilization of the patient and alleviation of his symptoms.Drugs which have potentially unsafe need to be administered with caution and the patients need to be monitored for the occurrence of adverse effects. This is not feasible in emergency and ambulance practice and thus the i deal drugs for use in such settings are those which have no or minimal side effects.With Metoclopramide, there is a 10-20% incidence of side effects and these side effects are mild. The most common side effects observed with this drug are CNS effects such as anxiety, restlessness and insomnia which can vary in severity (Australasia, 2008).Moreover, it has also been shown to cause fatigue and occasionally can cause extrapyramidal side effects. another(prenominal) relatively common side effect of Metoclopramide is gynecomastia which occurs as a result of enhanced prolactin secretion (Kuver, Sheffield, & McDonald, n.d.).A rare complication associated with the use of Metoclopramide is Neuroleptic cancerous Syndrome which is a medical emergency and can lead to death. However, it is observed in only less than 1 in 10,000 cases (Australasia, 2008) .On the other hand, the phenothiazines including Prochlorperazine and Promethazine have been shown to have a greater number of side effects. Am ongst these the ones which arouse the most concern are extrapyramidal symptoms.Extrapyramidal symptoms can range from tremor to akathisia and the potentially hazardous tardive dyskinesias (Australia, 2009). Moreover, they can also manifest as dystonic reactions are similar to the manifestations of Parkinsons disease. Less commonly, Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, which is a medical emergency, can also result from the use of these drugs.These effects are thought to be caused due to the central antidopaminergic properties of the phenothiazines on the dopamine receptors. The occurrence of these symptoms is noticed most commonly within 36 hours of initiation of treatment. However, these symptoms are reversible and once the drug is discontinued, they disappear within 24 hrs (Australasia, 2008).It is important to note that with Metoclopramide, the occurrence of extrapyramidal side effects is not very common. On the other hand, the phenothiozones such as Prochlorperazine and Promethazine h ave a much greater incidence of these side effects.Drotts and Vinson (1999) in their study showed that with the use of Prochlorperazine, incidence of akathisia was 44% within 1 hour and 5% within 48 hours. (Braude, Soliz, Crandall, Hendey, Andrews, & Weichenthal, 2006, p. 181). Other studies, such as those of Ernst et. al., have supported these findings.These extrapyramidal symptoms, if severe, have to be treated with intravenous infusions of an anti-cholinergic agent such as diphenhydramine (Ernst, Weiss, Park, Takakuwa, & Diercks, 2000, p. 92).Other common side effects of phenothiazines include unregularity, blurred vision, mild elevation of the hepatic enzymes (if the patient develops cholestatic jaundice), ECG changes, arrhythmias and hypotension (Australia, 2009).Hypotension in patients who are already dehydrated due to vomiting can lead to significant patient distress and is also important from the point of view of wellness care professionals, as it poses difficulties in pati ent management in emergency and ambulance settings. Moreover, most phenothiazines, in particular Promethazine are known to cause drugging due to histamine blockade.Promethazine has also been shown to reduce the seizure threshold. Due to the multitude of serious adverse effects of Promethazine the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has restricted its use in children under two years of age (DeCamp, Byerley, Doshi, & Steiner, 2008, p. 859).As compared to Metoclopramide, Ondansetron has relatively lesser side effects. The most commonly encountered adverse effects of this agent include headaches, constipation and mild elevation of serum transaminases (Kuver, Sheffield, & McDonald, n.d.).But this drug is not preferred over other anti-emetic agents due to its cost and availability issues (Ernst, Weiss, Park, Takakuwa, & Diercks, 2000, p. 92). Moreover, it is used more commonly to baffle post-operative nausea and vomiting and in patients receiving chemotherapy and its role in acute setting s has not been extensively studied.Pregnancy is one of the most common conditions which present with nausea and vomiting. Amongst the commonly available anti-emetics only a few are safe to use in pregnancy.Studies have shown Metoclopramide to be safe for use during pregnancy and this drug has not been shown to cause any long term complications in children of mothers using it during pregnancy (Srensen, Nielsen, Christensen, Tage-jensen, Ekbom, & Baron, 2000). Similarly the safety of Ondansetron has also been proven by several studies conducted recently (Einarson, Maltepe, Navioz, Kennedy, Kennedy, & Koren, 2004, p. 940).However, both Promethazine and Prochlorperazine belong to Category C and thus have limited use in pregnancy (Australia, 2009).Another advantage of Metoclopramide is its ability to provide faster relief from the symptoms of nausea and vomiting. Metoclopramide has been shown to have a rapid onset of action. Following IV administration, its effects start manifesting in a round 1 to 3 minutes, whereas following intramuscular administration, 10 to 15 minutes is required (Australasia, 2008). This rapid action makes it suitable for use in emergency practice,Although there is a paucity of studies comparing the cost effectivity of Metoclopramide with other antiemetics, studies comparing the cost-effectives in patients undergoing chemotherapy have shown that Metoclopramide to be more cost effective than Ondansetron (Ballatori, et al., 1994).Thus, in conclusion, keeping the side effect profiles, the availability and cost military capability of all the anti-emetics in view, in my point of view Metoclopramide is best suited for use in ambulatory settings. Metoclopramide has several benefits over other anti-emetics.It has a fast onset of action which makes its practical for use in emergency settings. Moreover, it has lesser and milder adverse effects as compared to other anti-emetics. In addition, it can be used in all age groups and is safe in pregnancy. Th us, all these properties make Metoclopramide ideal for use in ambulatory care settings.ReferencesAustralasia, V. P. (2008, October 22). Metoclopramide hydrochloride-Data sheet. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from Medsafe-INFORMATION FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONALS http//www.medsafe.govt.nz/Profs/datasheet/m/Maxolontabsyrinjsupp.htmAustralia, S.-A. (2009). Sanofi-Aventis Australia. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from Product Information http//www.sanofi-aventis.com.au/products/aus_pi_phenergan.pdfBallatori, E., Roila, F., Berto, P., De Angelis, V., Neri, C., Olivieri, A., et al. (1994). Cost and cost-effectiveness analysis of ondansetron versus metoclopramide regimens a hospital perspective from Italy. Pharmacoeconomics , 227-37.Bartlett, J. &. (2009). 2009 Nurses Drug Handbook . Jones & Bartlett .Bowen, R. (n.d.). Physiology of Vomiting. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from The Stomach http//www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/stomach/vomiting.htmlBraude, D., Soliz, T., Crandall, C., Hendey, G., Andre ws, J., & Weichenthal, L. (2006). Antiemetics in the ED a randomized controlled trial comparing 3 common agents. American Journal of Emergency Medicine , 177182.DeCamp, L. R., Byerley, J. S., Doshi, N., & Steiner, M. J. (2008). Use of Antiemetic Agents in corking GastroenteritisA Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Archives of pediatric and adolescnet medicine , 858-865.Drotts, D. L., & Vinson, D. R. (1999). Prochlorperazine Induces Akathisia in Emergency Patients. Annals of Emergency Medicine .Einarson, A., Maltepe, C., Navioz, Y., Kennedy, D., Kennedy, D., & Koren, G. (2004). The safety of ondansetron for nausea and vomiting of pregnancya prospective comparative study. BJOG an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 940943.Ernst, A. A., Weiss, S. J., Park, S., Takakuwa, K. M., & Diercks, D. B. (2000). Prochlorperazine Versus Promethazine for Uncomplicated Nausea and Vomiting in the Emergency surgical incision A Randomized,Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Annals ofEmerg ency Medicine , 89-94.Ho, K.-Y., & Gan, T. J. (2006). Pharmacology, pharmacogenetics, and clinical efficacy of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor antagonists for postoperative nausea and vomiting. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology , 606611.

New Century Financial Corporation Essay

Summary the mortgage mess happened in 2008 when there was a decreased homing set. However, their mortgage payment by homeowners were soon greater than the price of house. As a result, they forced the repurchase policy of many mortgage agreements, and let the subprime lenders to take oer their houses. Subprime lender like New Century became the bankrupt because of the high lost associate with the mortgage cancelation. To nurture earning, the management modify the estimate of its reserve. However, KPGM, the tender of the New Century is question of their fit. KPMG lost its independence cod to its afraid of lost business.1.The advantages include better arrangement of the labor, lower cost because of the reduced amount of work on evaluate the indus look for, gain great profit when the industry is going up, and early recognition of the industry trend because of the sh bed instruction from different companies. The disadvantages include risk of loss profit when the industry go down, c reate a mind set of doing audit that can be bias, 2.They need to ensure the information gathered by the prior team is properly communicated and understand by the take over team. As a result, it results in the saving of the time and effort of the take over team to spend. It also gave the unused team a different point of view as well as better understanding of the company. on the other hand, they also need to ensure the work quality of the taker over team go forth non be reduced.3.Significant deficiency A significant deficiency is a control deficiency, or faction of control deficiencies, that adversely affects the entitys ability to initiate, authorize, record, process, or subject area financial data reliably in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles such that there is more than a remote likeliness that a misstatement of the entitys financial statements that is more than inconsequential will not be prevented or detected. solid weakness A material weakness is a significant deficiency, or combination of significant deficiencies, that results in more than a remote likelihood that a material misstatement of the financial statements will not be prevented or detected. SAS 112 requires the auditor to communicate control deficiencies that are significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in intrinsic control.Significant deficiencies or material weaknesses must be communicated in writing to management and those in shoot of governancefor example, to the audit committee of the boardno later than 60 days following the report release date. Unqualified Opinion can be issued when essential control over financial account is effective no material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting embody as of the fiscal year-end assessment date. 4.The procedures to audit important accounting estimates include considering the relevance, reliability, and sufficiency of the data and factors used by management, evaluating the reasonableness and c onsistency of the assumptions, and re-performing the calculations made by management. 5.The GAAS require an auditor to exercise collect professional care, to adequately plan its audit, to sufficiently understand a businesss internal structure, and to attain sufficient evidence to reach reasonable conclusions.KPMG allegedly failed to adhere to the GAAS by having an inexperienced audit team, failed to take exception New Century management for unreasonable estimates failed to test the repurchase reserve despite evidence of internal control weaknesses and apparently inaccurate estimates of outstanding repurchase requests and failed to raise deficiencies and inaccuracies in New Centurys accounting practices or internal controls. 6. Although the sendors are complaining that they should be liable for the lost because they did not actively participate in the mortgage market. It is true that they did nothing wrong, but they need to identify this risk when they invest.Investor does not ha ve enough information about the market trend that should be provided. As a result, they invest the money base on the outdated information. There is no way for them to identify the threat of their investment. 7.1) auditor need to maintain independence from their work, lose of independence can claim to a bias conclusion, which cannot be trusted upon. KPMGs afraid to lost New Century as a client lead them to issue a report in favor of the management. 2) do not employ inexperience auditor, in particular when the company is in its hard time. Inexperience auditor will cause mistake of their work. Company in hard time have a incentive to make fraudulent statement, and inexperience auditor are not able to detect them. 3) be aware when the company going down. The management may try to management the earning in order to meet estimates.

Interview With Manager Essay

Throughout the essay, the motorcoachs will be referred to as Mr X and Mr Y and their companys will be referred to as utmost society X and Company Y separately due to confidential reasons. The first handler that was interviewed in order to fulfil this task was Mr X. He whole kit and caboodle for Company X, which is, a large attend to based organisation at the position of Head of in merged Credit Administration. His key responsibility at this bank is to provide credit administration support to Corporate, coronation banking and SME line of credit. Within Company Xs hi geological erarchy Mr X appears to be a middle aim manager at he is expected to report to the CEO of the company speckle he alike supervises. The second interview that was conducted for this task was with Mr Y. He is a Creative Marketing Director at Company Y which is a marketing consultancy and IT development enterprise located in Malaysia. His organisation is also service based however, it is a medium sized one. As a shed light on aim manager, Mr Ys task is to direct and oversee the overall projects and ensure that they argon carried out as planned and be successful. concern is the process of deck up and overseeing the work activities of others so that their activities ar completed efficiently and effectively (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg & Coulter, 2012).In the subsequent essay, the universality of management will be discussed in light of Fayols four functions and Katzs three scientific disciplines and how applicable these theories appear opus analysing the information gathered from the interviews. Henri Fayol proposed that that all managers behave five functions think, organising, commanding, coordinating and controlling (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg & Coulter, 2012). During the course of the essay, however, the emphasis will remain on the four functions planning, organising, leading and controlling. A skill is the ability either to perform some specific behavioral task or the abil ity to perform some specific cognitive process that is functionally related to some accompaniment task (Peterson, 2004). For the calculate of this task Katzs skills will be related to the interviews collected. Namely these are Conceptual, Human and Technical skills. Mr. X is involved in a nurse bind out of planning as he defines the credit policies for the corporate portfolio. Moreover, he has to cascade the defined goals to individual job levels and monitors them closely for accomplishment.In his organization, high achievers are much rewarded with awards and cash bonuses which serve as a motivation. Reports are alsocompiled frequently to monitor portfolio behavior and to engage sure that customers expectations at various occasions are fulfilled. At the same time, he is also expected to be able to work with various other departments to ensure smooth transactional processing. These tasks of Mr. X relate to the organizing function of Fayol, that is, the providing of e preciseth ing essential in performing a particular task i.e. the upright equipment and tools with right people and right amount of capital (Fayol, 1949, as cited in Lamond, 1998). It is not enough to just organize the employees and assign them jobs to perform. But what is to a greater extent important is to know that which employee is specialized in which job (best suited for a particular task) and assign them jobs accordingly (Fayol, 1949, as cited in Lamond, 1998). Mr. Xs interview conveys that he is the most(prenominal) involved in leading, organizing and controlling with a moderate amount of planning. All this is in line with the quick theories of what a middle level manager ought to do.However, he has rated controlling as 4 which is rather high for a middle level manager. Theory says that a middle-level manager is only expected to throw 14% of his tasks to controlling (Stephen Robbins, 2012, p.19). Mr. X rated the need of human skills as 5. These skills are important for managers at all levels (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg & Coulter, 2012). Hence, it falls in line and confirms Katzs surmise. However, Mr. Xs rating of the other both skills and the theory related to those seem to be contradicting as he rates adept skills and conceptual skills as very much while according to Katz, a middle level manager is expected to have moderate amounts of each. Thus, in Mr. Xs case, Fayols four functions seem to be evident while Katzs theory appears to not be relevant to his job description and tasks expected out of him. Managers post manage action directly, they backside manage people to encourage then to take necessary actions, and they can manage information to influence the people in turn to take their necessary actions (Mintzberg, 1994).Being a part of a board member, Mr. Y claims that he is involved in a moderate amount of planning (rating of 3), along with, employing the correctly skilled people for a task that is most suitable for them. Mr. Y feels that it is his resp onsibility, be a senior, to inspire his subordinates and provide them with the recognition that they require to be able to travel by in their respective fields. A weekly reporting system is used in Company Y to check through the companys progress and its employeesefficiency and effectiveness. Thus, there is quite a lot of leading and controlling, followed by organising and planning is the least of them all. Fayols four functions seem to be in accordance with Mr. Ys job description except for the function of controlling which, for a top level manager, should be the lowest and in this case it is rated as a 5 (very much). Technical skills are defined as the understanding of, or proficiency in, specific activities that require the use of specialized tools, methods, processes, procedures, techniques, or knowledge (Peterson, 2004). Relating back to Katzs theory, a top level manager is expected to possess very little of technical skills which contradicts with Mr. Ys rating of 3 for techn ical skills.The real performance of the manager is the knowledge base of the manager (Carroll & Gillen, 1987). Being a top level manager, it is generally assumed that Mr. Y should have very much of conceptual skills which will enable him to think outside the box as he also claims that it extremely hard to be creative on demand, which is something that his job requires of him. Conceptual skills are generally thought to be needed more as the level of managing gets higher. Along with this, human skills are also vital for a manager at all levels. These skills allow the manager to train, direct, and evaluate subordinates performing specialized tasks (Peterson, 2004). However, Mr. Y has overrated technical skills and underrated conceptual skills in relation to his job. Hence, this contradicts with the outlined theory and Katzs skills pick out across as irrelevant while analyzing Mr. Ys job.Hence, it can be concluded that Fayols functions are more relevant and evident in Mr. Ys descriptio ns of his job, as compared to Katzs theory which is mostly contradicting with the information provided by Mr. Y. Although there is some empirical support for the influence of hierarchical level and functional lastingness on managerial role requirements, the influence of these factors on required skills, knowledge, and abilities remains more speculative in nature (Pavett & Lau, 1983). If management is truly a generic principle, then what managers do should be essentially the same whether they are top level executives or low-level supervisors, in a business firm or a non-profit arts organization(Robbins, Bergman, Stagg & Coulter, 2012). With advancements in technology and changing ideologies, the traditional description of an organization is changing along with the traditional definitions of a manager. The roles thatmanagers play and the expectations that others have of them are evolving to reflect bare-ass forms of organization (Chapman, 2001).During the past ten years or so, the usefulness of the classical functions for classifying managerial work activities has been questioned by a number of writers (Carroll & Gillen, 1987). Similarities can be observed between the two managers with reference to moderate amounts of planning and organising involved. Both managers also recognized human skills as highly important. These similarities could be due to both the managers being linked with the service sector. On the other hand, there are some evident differences that cannot be ignored. Mr. X requires very much of technical skills and conceptual skills, while Mr. Y needs only a moderate amount of both. No significant difference can be obtained in light of Fayols functions. Mintzberg (1980) proposed that differences in managerial work involve the relative importance of the roles across hierarchical level and functional specialty (Lachman, 1985). Hence, these differences are probably due Mr. X being a middle level manager while Mr. Y is a top level one. Also, Mr. X co mes from a public sector while Mr. Y relates to a private one.Furthermore, Mr. Y works for a medium sized organization where the need for technical and conceptual skills rises very seldom which is why he rates it so low. On the other hand, Mr. X, work in a large organization rates them higher as the circumstances are different. Managers in both small and large organisations perform essentially the same activities, but how they go about them and the balance of time they spend on each one are different (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg & Coulter, 2012). Regardless of their level, all managers make decisions and all managers are viewed to be performing the four functions of planning, organising, leading and controlling.However, the time dedicated to any particular function cannot be merely stated as a fact as it tends to vary from manager to manager. After analyzing the interviews, it can be concluded that Fayols four functions are found to be relevant in the light of the managers interviewed , but at a varied degree. How relevamt are Katzs skills? Examining the interviews separately, the skills stated do not seem to support the theory, except for the human skills. Although these skills are defined and explained separately, they will be interconnected when enforced to managerial problems. Therefore, looking at the general overview of the functions and skills, they appear to be the universal guideline for managers even up though the level of importance for each individual function or skills may be different. university extension ListCarroll, S., & Gillen, D,. (1987). Are the classical management functions useful in describing managerial work? Academy of forethought Review, 12(1), 38-51. Chapman, J.A., (2001). The work of managers in new organisational contexts. Journal of management development, 20(1), 55-68. Hales, C,. (1999). Why do Managers Do What They Do? accommodate Evidence and Theory in Accounts of Managerial ready. British Journal of Management, 10, 335350 Lac hman, R,. (1985). Public and Private sector differences CEOSs Perceptions of their Role Evironments. Academy of Management Journal, 28(3), 671-680.Lamond, D,. (1998). Back to the future Lessons from the past for a new management era in G. Griffin (Ed.) Management Theory and Practice Moving to a New Era. MacMillan Melbourne. 3-14. Lau, A.W., & Pavett, C.M,. (1983). Managerial Work The Influence of Hierarchical Level and Functional Specialty. Academy of Management Journal, 26(1), 170-177 Peterson, T. (2004). Ongoing legacy of R.L. Katz an updated typology of management skills, Management Decision. 42(10), 1297-1308.Robbins, S., Bergman, R., Stagg, I. & Coulter, M. (2012), Management, (6th ed.). Frenchs Forest, NSW, Australia Pearson Education.

Hesitation of Managed Care to Use Data Mining Essay

One of the biggest hesitations would have to be cost to pass on an implement such a system. The technique depends on an organization having clean selective information to analyze, which requires info being scrubbed and moved to data warehouses. Many payers lack the money and manpower to build and maintain these warehouses. (Kongstvedt, P., Capagemini). In addition, internal politics and the numerous constituencies within a managed care organization fag end make it difficult to focus data mining efforts, says Scott Kozicki.What has changed in this industry to adopt data mining?The demand for more organizations to become more efficient, customers are demanding more and better services in shorter amounts of time. another(prenominal) change would have to be HIPAA, which stands for Healthcare Information Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, it was a law that has more different facets to it one of which protects your private health information. The standards mandated by HIPAA h ave made the data cleaner and streamlines the summary efforts.What complexities arise when data mining is used in health care organizations?One thing that makes data mining in health care organizations complex is just the same as what has helped get it going, HIPAA. compensate though it has created standard rules for cleaning data, it requires that you encrypt information being transmitted over the internet, which adds costs to doing so. about organizations only require it on certain transactions, but some want it done on each transaction. Doing this can increase the cost significantly causing it to raise the costs back up, making it not as feasible to use this practice.Assume you are an employer and that your managed care organization raises your rate based on the results of data mining and predictive modeling software. What are your opinions? What would help make up your mind in regards to adopting these rate changes?My opinion would vary depending on what type of data they we re using and where they got the data from, was it from our employees or a group similar to ours. I would be okay with the rate change as long as they could prove they used data from my specific employees and they had significant data supporting their reasons for the increase in rates.

Nature in King Lear Essay

The Tragedy of King Lear by William Shakespe ar is founded on the theme of Nature portrayed throughout the defraud from Lears kingship to personal human relations, from representations of the physical world to notions of the gods, from the portrayal of human nature to the use of puppet imagery. Nature is the core of the play King Lear. Shakespeares take on nature is ambiguous thus he portrays the d criminal extremes of human condition hefty and nuisance. through with(predicate) his partings, he asserts that world are uncomplete good nor evil by nature.However, Shakespeare reflects on what should be considered internal, since the concept of nature stems from social construct. In the play, at that place is a noticeable distinction between the vivid ways in which people wish to execute as opposed to what is considered natural in society. Elements of the natural world, such as Mother Nature and the fauna kingdom, are invoked in the characters speech, as they use their dif ferent concepts of what nature is in order to justify their actions. finished this essay I will demonstrate good and evil nature mainly through the two juxtaposing characters Cordelia, the Jesus-Like daughter, and Edmund the Machiavellian son, as well as the use of animal imagery to depict natural character traits. The plot begins on the day King Lear decides to divide his inheritance amongst his three daughters.The proud King demands his daughters to delegate off their undying lovemaking for him in order to gain their share. However, King Lears notion of love is shallow, pompous and showy, which results in a great disadvantage to Cordelias natural way of being. Unfortunately, King Lears royal authority belongs to the educate world. Therefore, he goes against the natural world when he misinterprets Cordelias love and casts her out. unrivaled of the biggest problems in the play is that Lear calls upon nature which of you shall we say doth love us most/ That we our largest bounty may attach/ Where nature doth with merit challenge ( take on 1, dead reckoning 1, Lines 52-54).Lear mistakes Cordelias true natural, loyal behavior as paranormal and disobedient when she sincerely expresses I love your majesty according to my bond, no more nor less (Act I, image I, Lines 94-95) without the pompous performance played by G whizzril and Reagan. Lear curses Cordelia exiling her outside society disclaiming propinquity and property of blood (Act 1, Scene 1). Lears lack of understanding of the natural bond between parents and children leads him to his tragic demise. He is slowly fooled by Goneril and Regans fakenatural behavior when they give their long speeches and flatter him.Eventually, Those pelican daughters (Act 3, Scene 4, Line 75) and supernatural hags (Act 2, Scene 4, Line-281) as Lear later on refers to them, throw him out of the house once theyve obtained status and king yet fear he might take it back. Further on, they plot on killing Lear. On the other hand, Cordelias love is unconditional. Lear must go through a series of humiliating events to go steady the true nature of love and the importance of the bond that Cordelia truthfully tried to explain. Cordelia is a tragic heroine, since she returns from France and easily forgives her father despite his wrath. Most importantly Cordelia gives Lear another chance to redeem himself as a king, a father and a human being. Shakespeare brilliantly portrays human nature through Edmund and Cordelia.By placing them in a similar situation, he is able to demonstrate that humans act accordingly to their nature. These two juxtaposing characters are barren away from their royal wealth due to social norms. On one hand, Cordelia faces rigour being a legitimate loving and obedient daughter, yet she doesnt follow the selfish and disloyal path that Edmund does. Cordelia is one of the few genuinely good characters in the entire play. In contrast to her two sisters shes a saint. Lears poor judgment an d misunderstanding of the father-daughter bond ultimately leads to his tragic loss. The subplot of the main plot is the human relationship between Gloucester and his legitimate son Edgar and his bastard son Edmund. Gloucester as Lear, misunderstands the natural behavior of his sons.Edmund, a natural son, feels he is more deserving than his brother in spite of the social law of primogeniture. By employment Edmund loyal and natural boy, Gloucester mistakes Edmunds unnatural behavior to be natural and casts out Edgar from the civilized world to the natural world. Lear and Gloucester share that they are both deceived and furthermore, mistake unnatural behavior (conspiracy against parents) to be natural (loyal and loving behavior). These misunderstandings ultimately lead to their downfall.Edmund calls on Mother Nature Nature, art my goddess. This statement implies that nature provides an evil force. Edmunds views this baseness as natural. Furthermore, Edmund recognizes his own evil nat ure and decides to use it to his advantage. He mocks the notion of each kind of supernatural or divine influence over ones destiny in the following lines as if we were villains on necessity fools by heavenlycompulsions knaves, thieves, and treachers by spherical predominance, drunkards liars and adulterers by an enforce obedience of planetary influence (Act I, Scene 2, Lines 131-135). In Edmunds soliloquy at the beginning of Act 1 Scene 2, we learn of his malevolent intent to degenerate his legitimate half brother.Machiavelli believed that by nature, humans are not perfect in virtue and therefore, humans do not only posses good qualities, but bad ones For if men were all good, this rule would not be allowable, but being they are full of mischief (p. 100). Although he recognized that loyalty and trustworthiness can be gained, he believed that in times of adversity people are generally ungrateful, insincere, anxious to look out for their own safety, and sordid for gain They are unt hankful, inconstant dissemblers they avoid dangers and are covetous of gain and will rebel if they are in danger. (p. 99). Therefore, Edmunds natural behavior represents Machiavellis belief of human nature being evil driven by a selfish, insincere and disloyal natural way of being.Contrary to Edmund, Cordelia also faces adversity and she stays true to her benevolent nature. Her character counteracts Machiavellis argument of human nature. Through this, Shakespeare hints that Machiavellis beliefs arent necessarily true and do not apply to human nature.Edmund reflects the character traits found in Machiavellis The Prince, as he rebels against the laws of society and is willing to hurt others in order to achieve power and status. He is ungrateful to his brother and father and deceives everyone around him for his benefit. Edmund appears to be loyal and trustworthy and knows how to play with these virtuous qualities, protect his reputation while betraying others. Hes character reflects th e lion and fox-like qualities described in Machiavellis enactment of the ideal ruler. Thus, he is conscientious of his wickedness since the end justifies the means.Edmund inverts the order of society by attack the convention of marriage and law of legitimacy. Thou, Nature, art my goddess to thy law/ My services are bound (Act I, Scene 2, Lines 1-22) Through this passage Edmund expresses his reverence to Nature (nature being the gods) and therefore demands Now, gods, stand up for bastards (Act I, Scene 2, Line 22). He explains that his conception comes from lust and passion being the most natural way of procreation. Furthermore, he rejects society and laws that pillage him from his right of being a legitimate son.

Exam 06044100

Part A 1. Organizations commitment to social responsibility takes the form of policies or pronouncements on what the face intends to do to address its social impact in the community where it operates, which includes its stakeholders, suppliers and the general familiar.As such(prenominal), a key requirement in implementing an brass instruments commitment to social responsibility is the buy-in from the board and the nobble executives which make the policies, and the support of the midway- focussing and employees which will implement the policies. To do this, the board and top executives must understand the levels effects as an makeup, and everyone else must ready a clear grasp of the direction where it is going.Implementation involves the day-by-day operations, processes, activities, decisions and practices which will ensure that the organizations socially responsible commitments and policies are carried out and met The main obstacles to implementing socially responsible poli cies are ,lack of clarity in policy resignments, lack of a supporting structure system, processes and organization financial constraints programs and projects must have appropriate funding,lack of coordi population among activities, lack of understanding and support from implementers middle management and employees.Some ad hoc actions that faeces be taken towards increased social responsibilitys are. Come up with ways for the organization to ruffle socially responsible policies into day-to-day operations and individual activities. This preempt be done by involving middle managers, employees, and other key players in brainstorming sessions. Develop a significant talk plan Internally, localise on motivating factors such as how social responsibility can be a root word of competitive advantage for the organization in terms of low convergenceion cost, improved product value, and build-up of node loyalty.Externally, focus on making commitments public, not only to gain public a ttention, just to inform the public of what it is doing in terms of improving product value and customer service. Set measurable shoot fors and continuously . Celebrating achievements can be a source of inspiration and increased commitment to social responsibility. 2. Departmentalization is the process of grouping activities, customers, or job functions into specialized groups of an organization to create better coordination. All large companies have multiple departments. These departments are specialized units that carryout pecific functions for a company. Most organizations have the functional departments of human resources, accounting, sales, and information technology. Types of Departmentalization 1) Functional Groups of employees based on work performed (engineering, accounting, information systems, human resources). 2) Product Groups of employees based on major product areas in the stool ( womans footwear, mens footwear, and apparel and accessories). 3) Customer Groups of e mployees based on customers problem and needs (wholesale, retail, government). ) geographical Groups of employees based on location served North, South, Midwest, East). 5) Process Groups of employees based on the basis of work or customers combine ( testing, payment) 3. Is a scan of the internal and external environment is an important part of the strategical planning process. environmental factors internal to the unfaltering usually can be categorise as strengths (S) or weaknesses (W), and those external to the firm can be classified as opportunities (O) or threats (T). SWOT abstract means analyzing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.The SWOT analysis provides information that is attendful in matching the firms resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it operates. It is a useful strategic planning tool. It is based on the assumption that if managers carefully review internal strengths and weaknesses and external threat and opportunitie s, a useful scheme for ensuring organizational success can be formulated. As such, it is instrumental in strategy formulation and selection. Strength. A firms strengths are its resources and capabilities that can be used as a basis for developing a competitive advantage.It is an important organizational resource which enhances a company, competitive position. Some of the internal strengths of an organization are Distinctive competence in key areas ,Manufacturing efficiency like exclusive access to risque grade natural resources, Skilled workforce, Adequate financial resources,Superior image and reputation such as strong brand names. -Economies of scale -Superior technological skills -Insulation from strong competitive pressures -Product or service differentiation -Proprietary technology such as patents and resultant ost advantages from proprietary know-how -favorable access to distribution network. Part B . 1. Six Sigma at many another(prenominal) organizations simply means a me asure of quality that strives for near perfection. Six Sigma is a disciplined, data-driven approach and methodological analysis for eliminating defects (driving toward six standard deviations between the mean and the nearest specification limit) in any process from manufacturing to transactional and from product to service. The statistical representation of Six Sigma describes quantitatively how a process is performing. . The counterweight of change over of a nation is the difference between values of its exports and imports. When exports are greater than imports, the nation is said to have a brace of trade surplus. On the other hand, if imports are greater than exports, the nation is said to have a balance of trade deficit. Exports and imports that figure in the balance of trade concept arise in the context of trade with other countries. Exports are the value of goods and services produced in the United States and sold to other countries . 3.Perception is the process by which y ou become aware of objects and events in the external world. Perception occurs in five stages (1) stimulation, (2) organization, (3) interpretation-evaluation, (4) memory, and (5) recall. 4. A decentralized organization is one in which decision making is not confined to a few top executives but rather is throughout the organization, with managers at various levels making key operating decisions relating to their sphere of responsibility. Decentralization is a matter of spirit level, since all organizations are decentralized to some extent out of necessity. . Bounded discerningity is the estimation that in decision-making, rationality of individuals is limited by the information they have, the cognitive limitations of their minds, and the finite amount of time they have to make a decision. It was proposed by Herbert A. Simon as an alternative basis for the mathematical modeling of decision making, as used in economics and related disciplines it complements rationality as optimizat ion, which views decision-making as a fully rational process of finding an optimal choice given the information available.Thus the decision-maker is a satisfies, one seeking a satisfactory solution rather than the optimal one. 6. Although an early study, this is still often referenced. It is notable that the two factors correlate with the people-task division that appears in other studies and also as preferences. Consideration is the people-orientation and Initiating Structure is the task orientation. Initiating Structure is the degree to which a leader defines and structures his or her role and the roles of the subordinates towards achieving the lasts of the group. . Think of negative punishment as Removing Something pleasant with the goal of decreasing a behavior. Think of negative reinforcement as Removing Something unpleasant with the goal of Increasing the target behavior. 8. A system is commonly defined as a group of acting units or elements that have a common purpose. The units or elements of a system can be cogs, wires, people, computers, and so on. Systems are generally classified as open systems and closed systems and they can take the form of mechanical, biological, or social systems.Open systems refer to systems that interact with other systems or the outside environment, whereas closed systems refer to systems having relatively little interaction with other systems or the outside environment such as food and air and return other substances to their environment. 9. Basic tasks and functions of management include planning, organizing, staffing, motivating and controlling business and its activities. 10. Appraisals are virtually often used as a punitive tool, but they can be a very powerful management tool. Appraisals can help you find the areas that most motivate your employees and how to help them improve.By understanding the areas that most motivate your employees, the appraisals can provide you with the most important tool to guide your staff . 11. A group is said to be in a state of cohesion when its members possess bonds linking them to one another and to the group as a whole. Social norms are set forth by sociologists as being laws that govern societys behaviors. Although these norms are not considered to be established laws within society, they still work to promote a great deal of social control. Social norms can be enforced formally through sanctions or informally through body language and non-verbal communication cues.