The qualities of a good leader Essay Example for Free

The qualities of a wakeless leader EssayThe qualities of a good leader hand to do with his/her structure of experience, skills, responsibility, and social interaction. It must be someone who can be looked up to and respected. A good leader not tho inevitably to have a lot of experience and good ad hominemity but he also needs to be trusted. That way he could win over mans hearts. It is useless no matter what personal qualities or what intellectual powers a man may have if he lacks the initiative and the give to lead and to rally men around him. In search for truth he must also not only have good personal structure but a good character is knowing what you emergency to do and being ruthlessly find to do it. Sense of humor and star of optimism are two other essential qualities of a good leader. Men and women will not follow a gloomy person Not only is he to be a good judge towards events but towards people also that way he can select worthy subordinates. It cannot be deter mined by one person to the other but it can be determined by self-determination. Whether a religious faith is necessary quality of a leader is arguable.A lot of our famous leaders today are all of different religious faiths and some have no faith at all. Mohammed, Buddha, and Jesus Christ were all leader. If on that point number of followers are anything to judge by, very good leaders indeed, and all of these had their own convictions and beliefs. There is good leaders and bad leaders, of which Adolf Hitler is a striking example of bad leaders, because its possible to have all the qualities of a good leader and missing one. roughly in which are lead to violence and lawlessness are invariables led and inspired by leaders of moral scene of wrong or right. such(prenominal) qualities are at times natural and apparent when one is born. In order for you to do such things you would also have to practice maintaining you temper because there could very unkind or inconsiderate people you ma y have to work with.Although others opinion towards you should not matter in this case it does because nobody would want a leader with making incorrect decisions therefore it would be the right thing to prove them wrong and start making the right choices. Incase of challenges on the way they should face them with bravery and deal with them as part of their responsibility. This will improve strength and preparedness for worse problems in the future. There are so many ways a good leader could go by, but not all will make the right choices because not every wiz person in this world has the same perspective but it is up to them to try and make the people happy by having the same perspective as them and doing whats right in any event they are working with. Doing whats right is the main thing to do. The qualities of a leader have to do with structure of nearly everything.

Misconception of Identifying Ethnic Groups by Cultural Elements Essay Example for Free

Misconception of Identifying Ethnic Groups by Cultural Elements EssayMisconception of Identifying Ethnic Groups by Cultural Elements The common misconception in relating ethnicity and gloss is to define ethnic themes by ethnical elements. Firstly, ethnic separate is a category of people which is bound together by common characteristics that differentiate them from other groups. On the other hand, culture is a system of knowledge sh atomic number 18d by a relatively large group of people. Culture consists of values, beliefs, religion, experiences, behaviours and traditions acquired by a group of people that is passed wad generations by generations (Browaeys determine, 2008). In my essay, I would like to clarify that ethnic groups can non be defined by their heathen elements with several examples. Commonly, characteristics and traits of an ethnic group is identified by its cultural elements. Elements such(prenominal) as language, religion and customs are used to differentia te a group and another. Specified cultural elements are categorized to represent different types of ethnic groups. However this assumption is not suitable to apply in many situations. It is troublesome to identify ethnic group by cultural elements.This is because the people within an ethnic group does not necessarily possess the identical cultural elements. For instance, the Cham people in Vietnam belong to one ethnic entity, merely in different areas this group of people possess different cultural elements. The Cham people in south central of Vietnam and in Mekong Delta have distinctive differences in religion, language and customs. In the south central Vietnam, the Cham practise localized Hinduism and Islam as religion.They speak south central dialect and their writing is originated from a script in Sanskrit. In term of custom, these Cham people are considered matrilineal and practice exogamy. On the contrary, the Cham in Mekong Delta majorly practise Islam. They speak in Mekong Delta dialect and their writing derived from the Jawi script. In their custom, they are loosely matrilineal and practice endogamy(1). This shows that cultural elements are not suitable to determine an ethnic group. People of the same ethnic group may not necessarily practice the same culture.In the study of the Kachin people from Burma, Edmund Leach mentioned the mere fact that two groups of people are of different culture does not necessarily imply as has nearly alship canal been assumed that they belong to two quite different social systems (Leach 1954 17)(2). To consider ethnic group as cultural group will fail to address many aspects of ethnic phenomena. Large population of the Kachin people lives in the Kachin Hill in northern Burmas Kachin State and in neighbouring areas of China and India.They speak different languages and dialects there is a wide difference in cultures between the same ethnic group in different area. To support this statement, I would like to provide an e xample the Malayan people who belonged to one ethnic entity in Malaysia are influenced by different customs. Malay people practice two distinct types of customs, the Adat Temenggung and Adat Pepatih. The former is originated from Minangkabau and widely practiced by most of the Malay states. Adat Temenggung emphasizes on patrilineal kinship structure in matters such as inheritance.In contrast, the Adat Pepatih is only practiced in Negeri Sembilan. It emphasizes more on matrilineal kinship structure, in which women gain benefit in matters such as inheritance and marriage (Shuid, Osman Othman, 2006). This depicts that people of the same ethnic group practise various and wide range of customs. Thus, it is difficult to define ethnic group by cultural elements. In the 19th and 20th century, large wave of immigrants from China came to Malaya. Now, Chinese people are the second largest ethnic in Malaysia. majority of these Chinese are Han Chinese. There is wide spread of Chinese people in every state of Malaysia, espeacially in the town areas. Even though they are grouped as one ethnic entity, their cultural elements varied widely. Most of the local Chinese practise Buddhism and a small number of them have trust in Christianity and Islam. Futhermore, they speak variety of dialects such as Mandarin, Hokkien, Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew and many more. For example, most of the Chinese in Penang speak Hokkien whereas most of the Chinese in Kuala Lumpur speak Cantonese.Thus, the cultural elements of an ethnic are not fixed, the elements varied greatly to the extent that it is difficult to determine an ethnic group by its cultural elements. Besides that, the influence of semipolitical and economical circumstances has changes the cultural elements of the people while the ethnic individualism outrides. As time passes by, people within an ethnic group spread, share, learn and set cultures of other ethnic groups. There is the tendency for different cultures to overlapse in a society. For instance, the Chinese immigrants that came to Malaya in the late 15th to 16th century were known as Peranakan Chinese.This group of immigrants consists of merchants, traders, and those who came to escape economic hardships in mainland China. They embraced the Malay customs and cultures. Most of the Peranakan Chinese engaged in intermarriage with the local Malay. However, there are get out of Peranakan Chinese people without Malay ancestry. They belong to Chinese ethnic but adopted the combination of Chinese and Malay cultures. The Malay language and cultures are assimilated into their periodic lives, however their ethnic and religious origins still remain.These Peranakan Chinese speak Malay language, wear the baju kebaya, a Malay traditional clothing, and developed their cuisine with mainly Malay spices in their every day lives, they still belong to Chinese ethnic (Tan Chee Beng, 1993). Their ethnic identity cannot be determined by merely identifying their cultural elements. In conclusion, I would like to emphasize my point that ethnic groups cannot be defined by their cultural elements. Ethnic groups can hardly be measured by cultural traits as a matter of fact cultural boundaries do no always go accordingly with ethnic boundaries.Cultural traits of an ethnic group is not always fixed, people of the same ethnic group do not necessarily possess the same cultural elements. To determine ones ethnic identity by identifying his or her cultural elements with the typical cultural elements of an ethnic group is not right. The ethnic identity of a person will still remain unchanged even if his cultural elements have changed. As stated by Michael Moerman, Someone is Lue by virtue of believing and calling himself Lue and of acting in ways that validate his Lueness (Moerman, 19651219)(3).Ethnic identity can be claimed by ones self but not by determining its cultural elements. Bibliography Browaeys M. J. , Price R. (2008) Understanding Cross Cultural Man agement. New York Pearson Education. Mahdi Shuid, Suzani Osman, Sazlina Othman. (2006) Sejarah Malaysia. Petaling Jaya Longman . Tan, C. B. (1993). Chinese Peranakan Heritage in Malaysia and Singapore. Kuala Lumpur Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn Bhd. (1)(2)Power Point Slides What is an ethnic group? Ethnic Troubles Theories of Ethnicity. (3)Reading 1 Ethnic identification in a complex civilization who are the lue?

Analysisng the Print Media Coverage of Birtish Football Players Essay Example for Free

Analysisng the Print Media Coverage of Birtish Football Players EssayAnalysing the print media coverage of master football executeers British times and newspaper coverage of fe priapic person make upers and officials in the womens super partnership and females in football. Introduction The following research analyses coverage of womens football and women involved in football in both nationally and locally distributed magazines and newspapers. The focus of the research looks at how the journalists refer and describe the womens surgical procedure through interviews, writers columns and match reports, it is a long term study aspect at data from October 1995 until the present day. With the recent entryway of a womens super league and the existing premier league, most of the data revolves slightlywhat these leagues, although in that respect ar also interviews with officials involved in overseeing the mens game. The investigation found an extremely unequal balance in cov erage between men and womens sport, in particular football. When it was featured in a more(prenominal) general audience magazine such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Four Four Two or You magazine, there was often reference to the womens appearance, partners and family life, as rise up as the mans game.Alternatively in match reports featured in aggroup specific publications such as programmes and fanzines there was much less references to the male game and a greater focus on skill and per solveance. Methodology Data collection The magazines and newspaper articles collected came from widely circulated publications including the Liverpool football federation magazine, Four Four Two magazine and You magazine a supplement publication from the Mail on Sunday.The audience for these magazines are generic and non aimed oddly at one gender, although that is non to say both genders are equally likely to read it. The sport specific magazines are mainly focused on mens football and represen tatively more men take an interest in football and are likely to buy the magazine. However it does feature articles active womens sport. With the recent introduction of the womens super league the focus of much of the in the more contemporary articles has been on this, however there are articles from 1995 until the present day.Sampling The data was chosen from a selection of publications that had been collected from 1995 until 2011, the articles that featured womens football were found and the ones that had sufficient information ab step to the fore the team up and the games they were involved in rather than proficient mentioned or the fixtures were used. The articles predominantly contained Liverpool ladies, although England, Everton and Chelsea teams were looked at along with an interview with a female official.The limitations of the sample are that most of the coverage comes from Liverpools match day programme and attached the late start of the womens season there has only be en recent coverage of the current season. as well as there are only relatively few articles in the publications and the collection was not exhaustive so some articles may acquire been missing from the archive, particularly away games and several months issues of Four Four Two. Data analysis After the data was collected it was read over and a content analysis was carried out, looking at lexis choices, tone and attitude of the writer towards the female athletes and officials.Points of interest and themes were highlighted in the articles, particularly the address of the female athletes, reference to the mens game, and any versed references. In articles containing interviews the questions put to the footballers were looked at for interviewer bias looking at any agenda the writer may have for presenting the womans game. The articles are in the appendices. Analysis Looking at the names of the teams involved in womens premier league and super league is perhaps the most obvious form of s ubjugation within football.Names such as Millwall Lionesses, Doncaster Rover Belles (LFC programme eleventh April) and Leeds City Vixens are part of the womens football league nevertheless the national team are known as the three Lionesses (You magazine 11th March) or the Australian national team the Matildas (Four Four Two Oct 07). otherwise teams who alone have the names of male football team names such as Everton are known Everton ladies, the name of the teams, although some may clean be nicknames rather than official league names, put women in a lower position than men.Given that the game of football is not naturally gendered, it is not a male game, the idea that there is a affect to differentiate they are female teams is quite surprising. In articles such as the Echo article from the 21st April, there is only an initial reference to gender in the headline Dowie rescues a point for dominant ladies to prevent any confusion with the male team but throughout the rest of the i nterview, it is unbiased and simply refers to the players as members of the team, with references such as the Toffees or simply just Everton.In other magazines such as LFC weekly from the 12th April when talking about the start of the new season in womens football, the writer refers to the teams gender 60 times, 24 references to ladies and women 33 times. If the gender had been stated at the beginning of the article thus there would be little reason to continue referencing the gender repeatedly throughout. The Everton programme from 11th December 2004 (LFC VS EFC) the womens team is referred to as the Girls in Blue, the word girls is usually used to describe a young female which conjures up ideas of tenderness and immaturity.However in this instance it does not appear that is the writers intention to imply the women are any less than the best, after all Everton are one of the consistently best performing womens team and it is in fact the only reference in the article about gender. It is more likely in this case, just a play on words adapting the slang reference to police as the boys in blue, McLoughlin (2000) looked at how magazines the writers expectations of women come through the text about what is accepted behaviour for women to do, football is shut up fairly off limits to women.Ultimately this will have some power over the reader who may feel pressure sensation to conform to norms in the media. Throughout almost all of the articles the female players are referred to as ladies, although the competitions are the womens super league and womens premier league when the specific teams are mentioned they are called the ladies for example Liverpool ladies (LFC programme 10th Jan 98).This is an example of asymmetry not purely because of the use of diminutive ladies but also the need to differentiate from the male game. It would come out that it is normalising football as a male game as Liverpool men or any other team would not be referred to as Liverpool gen tlemen, Janet Holmes also looked at the loaded meanings of the word ladies in her 2000 study. Gentlemen is the antonym of ladies which conjures up the images of gallantry and traditional ideas of gender, male ootball players would never be referred to as this as these are not the images that are desired for playing football, there will be evidence of respect and sportsmanship but it is a competition and a contact sport that has some level of controlled aggression and fierce competitiveness. Yet the women are referred to as ladies, this conjures up images of a reserved, gentle fairer sex, however they are just as capable of playing a hard tactile game.Therefore the programme from October 1995 ladies fight back, title is almost an oxymoron as ladies and fighting are not compatible images. While a feminist may take offence at the reference to womens football as ladies, given the place setting it would seem that writers are not trying to demean women by using it and it would appear the women they are referring to are happy to be known as that, or surely by now the strong women in the game would have done something to have this changed.Later in the same programme the divide is foster noted when the journalist writes first-ever womens derby match to be played at our famous stadium, it is a common feature that youth teams play big games at Anfield even testimonials with male celebrities, yet it is made to be an honour at the thought of a womens game occurring there, what is made worsened is the description of the ground our famous stadium, this gives the impression it is solely for the mens team, the fans, the writer, almost everyone except the womens team, who should feel privileged to play at the ground.Messner and Duncan (1993) believe that sport media are wary of changing the coverage of womens sport as it would challenge the male hegemony, this is also supported by Hardin, Lynn and Walsdorf (2005) and Curry, Arriagada and Cornwell (2002). With the recognition of womens football by FIFA only happening in 1991 according to the October 2007 Four Four Two interview with the England team, the female game is quiet down very much emerging. However women have been playing football and taking part in sport for centuries.By highlighting this is only the second man cup England have qualified for. He is raising the issue that the sport was only recently recognised yet taking away from the womens achievements by bringing up the point that they hadnt qualified many times forrader. As it is stated further in the magazine they have to balance having secure time jobs and preparing for the biggest tournament of your lives, it is hardly surprising that they do not qualify as often as the men do as most of the players mustiness remain amateur and the two games annot realistically be compared. The emergence of sports such as football has derived from local games that took part in villages as looked at in work by Reiley (2005) and Gerhadt (1993) mob game s where two neighbouring villages would compete to get an object over the boundary into their village in order to win the game.These were very wild and thought of as no place for ladies to be, as the governing bodies developed from the public school systems like Rugby and Eton where the boys would take the village games and refine them, it was still very much a boys world as at that time girls schools would not have encouraged these type of games. It was once thought that if women took part in sport it would impact on their child baring abilities. Eventually women were introduced to non contact sports such as tennis but it took many more years before they began to play more aggressive sports.Many of the male teams that are in existence today such as Everton and Arsenal were developed from churches and factories for social reasons around the time of the industrial revolution, there is evidence of womens teams developing slightly later during the times of war as the men went to fight and women were left substructure to run industries, at the same time they started up their own teams, however it is only within the last 20 years that FIFA recognised the women in the sport.With the introduction of many modern womens football leagues and competitions and the use of female officials in the male game, it would appear that womens teams are receiving a much greater coverage in the media. In mainstream football magazines such as Four Four Two and LFC magazine womens football has featured over the last 16 years, however it appears only now that it has become somewhat of a regular feature.While the mens team, the reserve and youth teams have always had a weekly place in the Liverpool programme, with its own section womens sport seemed confined to the occasional feature in the community section. Stories from 1995 until more recently have cover the occasional trivial story such as the womens team working with a school tournament shown in the October 1995 girls shoot it out extract. Little emphasis was put on the teams performance, rather the feeling that by covering this story Liverpool are showing what a condole with club they are.Other features within the community section have been the clubs charity work internationally and with children with disabilities, by clumping the womens team in with these stories it suggests that they are not on the same level as the mens game and it is almost a privilege to be featured along with the main team, that the coverage of the womens game is almost charitable. While some may argue that the programme is reporting on the events of the mens first team and this may be why the women do not feature frequently, then surely the features of the reserves and youth team games should be only covered occasionally. easy this does appear to be changing, although the womens leagues only start the season after the male counterparts, in the hope that the male game does not over fundament the womens game, womens football has fea tured in the recent Liverpool programme every home game recently and it has also moved from being covered in the community section to the news (see Liverpool vs. Manchester city April 2011). However when it does feature in the publications however it is rarely a full varlet, often less than a quarter of a page as in the Liverpool programme (October 2008 LFC vs.Portsmouth) within a 82 page magazine, although the LFC weekly featured a 4 page article in a 50 page magazine. It would appear female footballers are finally gaining more acceptance in the media. Sexualisation of females within mens magazines such as nuts and zoo is a common feature, the main reader of football specific magazines are men, so it may be judge that women are also portrayed as sexual objects in them.However this does not appear to be the case for much of the features found in the media, although there are still some examples of it. The interview with the England team in Four Four Two from 2007 talks to the women about their chances in the world cup, the interview asks questions such as the Australian womens team the matildas posed nude for a calendar. Would you ever consider doing likewise? , another example of this is the interview in you magazine when the writer refers to the team as the group of leggy and enviably toned young women, women may be viewed as sexual objects in some of the male dominated readership magazines as a way of gender commodifcation an idea supported by work by Whannel (2000), a way of conforming to male ideals that in buying the magazine about football and sexualised women they are becoming more manly, that it ok to view women as objects men are the dominant gender, magazines and the media have some part to play in the socialisation of todays youth according to Wilemsen (1998), he even believes magazines widen the gap and differences between the genders. It is good then that the female athletes and officials are being covered about their roles in the mass media, bu t there is still some way to go to completely call in the gender stereotypes and bias.Although saying that, there are many interviews featured in magazines with male sports stars that objectify images of them and pass judgement on their physique, for some this may seem a positive move that women have the same powers over men but it may be better to feature women in the female magazines that other women can look up to and aspire to be like.It would also appear that coverage in a magazine that is aimed more at women but a more generic audience, You a supplement with The Mail, recently did a feature of the England team also discussing their chances at the world cup. Throughout the interview with the individual players they were given a small character description such as the captain or the veteran which are acceptable as they describe their role and committal to the sport, however others were described as the young mum or the Beyonce fan, while this style of reporting may be to norma lise the girls and create a bond between the player and the reader who may have similar attributes, it also implies that they are doing something out of the ordinary and taking away from the girls sporting achievements by feminising and trivialising them.

The Garden City Movement: Development and Impacts

The tend city Movement Development and ImpactsTHE GARDEN CITY MOVEMENTThe Garden City Movement was invented by Sir Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928) (Couch, 2014). It was first set forth in his book Garden Cities of To-morrow, published in 1902 (Ebenezer Howard, 2014). The Garden City exemplification introduced the application of some basic cooking principles which are still in use today. It consists of self-sufficient communities surrounded by greenbelts with planned proportionate areas in agriculture, lodgment, commerce and industry (Audiopedia, 2014). This essay discusses the creation and development of the theoretical and planning principles of the Garden City Model and its success in solving economic and social problems of densely populated cities in UK. It likewise discusses the modification of these principles and their applications in modern planning theories.The search for an ideal city was due to the intense industrialization and resulting urbanization of major UK cities about the late 19th century. There were many social, economic and commercialized activities in large cities, thereby causing high levels of migration from less developed regions in the UK towards these cities. This excessive immigration resulted in issues like overpopulation, housing paucity, high rents, way pollution, urban slums and lack of sunlight and able spaces (Howard, 1902). According to (Fishman, 1982), Howard perceived the economy to be corrupt, inhumane, inefficient and un goodly(see Fig 1,2).Fig. 1 Hine (1912) Fig. 2 Industrial Cities (n.d.)Analyzing the issues developed by the rapid urbanization, Howard noticed a contrasting phenomenon in thecountryside. The countryside suffered from depopulation, lack of amusement, lack of society, capital and labour.The town had all that the country was lacking and vice-versa. Howard then sort to mix the best aspects ofthe town and the country in formation of the garden city (Ebenezer Howard, 2014).Fig. 3 The Three Magnets. (1902 )Redefining the town and countryside as magnets, the people as needles, and mans socio-economic desiresas attraction, Howard realized the theory of The Three Magnets, introducing the third alternative the Town-Country Magnet (Howard, 1902).The Town- Country liberty chits high wages, social opportunities, and places of amusements, healthy living conditions, low rents, and large place (Howard, 1902). Howard believed that the Town-Country would enhance the enjoyment of human society and the beauty of nature simultaneously (Fishman, 1982).In order to achieve the socio-economic aspects of the Town-Country, the ideal city would run by common region ownership, whereby, the rent would be the main source of revenue, employed by municipality(governing body) in the creation and maintenance of ordinary amenities, old age pensions, and accident insurance policy (Howard, 1902). The Garden City was to be construct from scratch on agricultural land, which had low ecological value, thereby in creasing the value of the land, so that it could generate evidential revenue through rent for municipality (Howard, 1902).Fig. 4 Garden-City. (1902). Fig. 5 protect and Centre Garden-City. (1902). The spatial plan of a sector of the cityAlthough the Garden City Model is very descriptive, it is not a morphological solely rather socio-economic illustration of principles (Butcher, 2010). Planned in a concentric pattern, with six radial boulevards, on a site of 6000 acres, the Garden City would have a population of 32,000 people (Audiopedia, 2014). In the centre of the city lies a public garden, surrounded by the public buildings which includes hospital, library, museum, picture-gallery, town hall, concert hall and theatre (John, 2014). The succeeding space is the central park for recreational activities. These large parks are more of country features, besides they perform much better in the town-country because of the increment in population. Beyond the central park is the crystal palace a circular glass arcade, for commercial activities (John, 2014). Placement of the crystal palace beside the central park shows Howards intentions of connecting human activities with nature. Before the invention of Howards principles, commercial zones in the cities rarely had parks and open spaces, because of the high value of land. It is now a common planning practice today to have open spaces in commercial areas. Beyond the crystal palace are houses with tree lined streets, additional parks occupied by public schools, playgrounds and churches (John, 2014). On the outskirts of the city are industries with direct access to the railway, saving speak to of packaging and cartage and transfer of goods from the train to and fro factories (John, 2014). The rest of town beyond the railway is utilized as agricultural land held by various individuals and organizations and also providing alternative farm job opportunities to the working class without separating them from the city (How ard, 1902). This agricultural land also serves as a barrier to urban sprawl, as it cannot be built on. As shown in Figure 6, the use of green belts to control urban sprawl is still evident in UK cities today.Fig. 7 Group of Slumless smoke-free Cities. (1902).Considering the fact that town country community is bound to reach its population capacity due to its socio-economic advantages, Howard envisioned as series of garden cities, separated by green belts and connected by roads and railways, with the central city having a population of 58000 (see Fig.7). The introduction of these series also controls the excessive migration to cities with more attractions.Fig. 8Letchworth-1925 Poster. (n.d.) Fig. 9 pilot burner plan of first Garden City, Letchworth 1904. (n.d.)Howards Garden city model was directly experimented on two towns Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City. Letchworth was the first Garden City ever built (Ebenezer Howard, 2014). It lies on a train line, 35 miles from London, locat ed in Herdfordshire, England, and it covers an area of 5,500 acres, which used to serve as agricultural land with little or no value (Ebenezer Howard, 2014). Although Letchworth was not designed in a regular concentric pattern, it follows the zoning principles of the Garden City Model. In other to build Letchworth, Howard needed funding, but he did not get any financial support from the government. I suppose it was because the development of his ideal city had no positive effect on the be cities, which have been invested firmly upon. The idea of destroying or ignoring pre-existing cities to rebuilt perfect ones was also the basis of many other revolutionists in solving the industrial crisis. This access displays the lack of consideration of the financial requirements in the realization of ideal cities. According to Audiopedia (2014), Howard got financial support only from private investors who were concerned with their personal profits, rather than the common growth of Letchwort h City. As a result, Howard forwent the idea of common land ownership with no landlords (Audiopedia, 2014).Fig. 9 Aerial photo of Letchworth Garden City (n.d.) Fig. 10 Howard park (n.d.) Fig. 11 Broadway Gardens (n.d.)Letchworth was environmentally successful, with lots of open spaces and public parks healthy living conditions and beautiful tree-lined streets, most of which remain today (Letchworth Garden City heritage Foundation, 2014). The city attracted firms because of the cheap rent and surplus space, resulting from its earlier use as agricultural land. It also attracted residents, as the living conditions were favorable. Due to the fact that the implementation of communal land ownership was ignored, the rents were not cheap, they could only be afforded by skilled white collar workers (Audiopedia, 2014). Letchworth failed partially as an independent community because of the improved transportation system system which made it easier to connect to London. Welwyn, the second G arden City, 20 miles from London, performed just as well as Letchworth, but it lacked public, commercial and industrial buildings, which caused it to depend heavily on London for socio-economic activities.Due to the physical success of Letchworth, the principles of the Garden city were applied to various developments worldwide and in most cases it has been misconceived as the development of suburbs. The saucy Towns symbolise 1946, implement by the government after World War II. was inspired by the Garden City Movement (Audiopedia, 2014). The Act, involved the designation of land for the development of garden suburbs in U.K (New Towns Act 1946, 2014). The development of ne towns meant the suburbanization of cities, which was the antithesis to Howards theory (Audiopedia, 2014). Despite its contradiction Howard thoery, the New towns succeeded in offering healthy living conditions, and maintaining the population density, but they were not economically independent.Fig. 12 Uxcester Gard en City. (2014) Fig new suburbs in blue, pre-existing city in grey.Recently, the Uxcester Garden City an speculative city, inspired by the Garden City Model, was announced the winner of the 2014 Wolfsons Economic prize (Sweet, 2014). It was initiated as a solution to the current U.K housing shortage crisis. It is a combination of the planning principles of the Garden City and the suburbanization scheme of the New Towns. Unlike, the Garden City, it is not built from scratch, but rather gradually incorporated into pre-existing cities. The scheme involves the development of residential communities on agricultural green belts, which are presently considered to have low ecological value (Sweet, 2014).Fig. 13 Uxcester Garden City. (2014). thoroughgoing representation of Uxcester.Each community is planned to have half its area designated to forests, public parks and lakes (Sweet, 2014). These new residential communities would require reliable transportation systems, linking them to the city centre, which provides the most social activities. On the other hand, the new suburbs will revitalize the city centre by channeling new demand for what is on offer there (Sweet, 2014). Although the scheme involves suburbanization of cities, it observes the Garden City objectives, which includes the provision of healthy living conditions to ordinary people and socio-economic independence.The Garden City Model inspired the New Towns Act and Uxcester Garden City. It has had a major effect on town planning, which has a direct effect on human behavior. Howards principles have recently been adopted in the development of Uxcester Garden City scheme for solving housing shortage problem U.K is facing today. Although the effect Uxcester will have on U.K. housing has not been decided, I think the further development of suburbs would either increase the lack of job opportunities or increase the volume of commercial buildings in the city centre. It will then be up to architects to ensure h ealthy working conditions in these city centres.ReferencesAerial photo of Letchworth Garden City. (n.d.). image operable at http//www.letchworth.com/heritage-foundation/news-and-blog/media-enquiries Accessed 6 Jan. 2015.Audiopedia . (2014).Garden city movement. Online Video. 13 November. lendable fromhttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_MacpHZ-Bk. Accessed 03 January 2015.Broadway Gardens. (n.d.). image Available at http//www.letchworth.com/heritage-foundation/news-and-blog/media-enquiries Accessed 6 Jan. 2015.Butcher, L., 2010. ARCHITECTURE + URBANISM. ONLINE Available at http//architectureandurbanism.blogspot.co.uk/2010/10/ebenezer-howard-garden-cities-of-to.html Accessed 03 01 2015.Couch, A. (2014) Arch 221 Urban Studies week 4 Lecture Note taking skills from lectures and readings, Liverpool School of Architecture.Fishman, R., 1982. Urban Utopias in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, Massachusetts MIT Press.Garden-City. (1902). image Available at http//longstreet.typepad.com/thesci encebookstore/2008/09/history-of-the.html Accessed 1 Jan. 2015.Group of Slumless Smokeless Cities. (1902). image Available at https//socialethicsoundideasandfreedom.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/garden-city.png Accessed 3 Jan. 2015.Hawkes, J. (n.d.).Houses, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire. image Available at http//stock.jasonhawkes.com/media/8d181e48-3248-11e1-900f-1127b07b6f75-houses-welwyn-garden-city-hertfordshire Accessed 6 Jan. 2015.Hine, L. (1912).New York Tenements. image Available at http//www.allposters.com/-sp/New-York-Tenements-1912-Posters_i8677584_.htm Accessed 6 Jan. 2015.Howard, E., 1902. Garden Cities of To-morrow. ONLINE Second Edition ed. s.l. Sonnenschein Co., Ltd. Available at https//ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/h/howard/ebenezer/garden_cities_of_to-morrow/complete.htmlchapter7. Accessed 01 January 2015.Howard Park. (n.d.). image Available at http//www.letchworth.com/heritage-foundation/news-and-blog/media-enquiries Accessed 6 Jan. 2015.Industrial Cities. (n.d.). imag e Available at http//johnsonschneider.weebly.com/ Accessed 6 Jan. 2015.John W. Reps,. 2014.Garden Cities Of Tomorrow. ONLINE Available at http//urbanplanning.library.cornell.edu/DOCS/howard.htm Accessed 02 January 15.Letchworth-1925 Poster. (n.d.). image Available at http//ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/11/11.001j/f01/lectureimages/6/image31.html Accessed 5 Jan. 2015.Letchworth Garden City Heritage Foundation, (2014).Letchworth Garden City. online Available at http//www.letchworth.com/heritage-foundation/letchworth-garden-city/quick-facts Accessed 5 Jan. 2015.Louis de battle of Soissons-Reims, Welwyn Garden City town plan. (1921). image Available at http//cashewnut.me.uk/WGCbooks/web-WGC-books-1975-1.php Accessed 6 Jan. 2015.Sdoutz, F. (2015).- GARDEN CITIES Howard, Unwin Parker, Lutyens, de Soissons Links. online ARCHITECTURETHEORY.NET. Available at http//www.mediaarchitecture.at/architekturtheorie/garden_cities/2011_garden_cities_links_en.shtml Accessed 5 Jan. 2015.Lucey, N. (1973).The Ef fect of Sir Ebenezer Howard and the Garden City Movement on Twentieth Century Town Planning. 1st ed. ebook Hertfordshire Norman Lucey. Available at http//www.rickmansworthherts.freeserve.co.uk/howard1.htmsnd Accessed 5 Jan. 2015.New Towns Act 1946. (2014).Wikipedia. online Available at http//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Towns_Act_1946oldid=621188191 Accessed 6 Jan. 2015.Sdoutz, F. (2015).- GARDEN CITIES Howard, Unwin Parker, Lutyens, de Soissons Links. online ARCHITECTURETHEORY.NET. Available at http//www.mediaarchitecture.at/architekturtheorie/garden_cities/2011_garden_cities_links_en.shtml Accessed 5 Jan. 2015.Sweet, R. (2014). Welcome to Uxcester, the imaginary city that has British planners in a flap. Global Construction Review. online Available at http//www.globalconreview.com/sectors/welcome-uxcester-imaginary-city-has36392725british/ Accessed 6 Jan. 2015.The Three Magnets. (1902). image Available at http//longstreet.typepad.com/thesciencebookstore/2008/09/history- of-the.html Accessed 1 Jan. 2015.U.K. Green Belts. (2014). image Available at http//www.estatesgazette.com/blogs/london-residential-research/2014/02/green-belt-fit-21st-century/ Accessed 6 Jan. 2015.Uxcester Garden City. (2014). image Available at http//www.archdaily.com/545656/urbed-s-bold-proposal-to-reinvigorate-the-garden-city-movement/ Accessed 6 Jan. 2015.Original plan of first Garden City, Letchworth 1904. (n.d.). image Available at http//lunaprod.library.cornell.edu/images/RMC/Size4/RMC0129/RMC2011_0602.jpg?userid=10username=administratorresolution=4servertype=JVAcid=10iid=CORNELLvcid=NAusergroup=Facultyprofileid=2 Accessed 5 Jan. 2015.Ward and Centre Garden-City. (1902). image Available at http//longstreet.typepad.com/thesciencebookstore/2008/09/history-of-the.html Accessed 2 Jan. 2015.Ebenezer Howard. (2014).Wikipedia. online Available at http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Howard Accessed 5 Jan. 2015.Welwyn Garden City. (2014).Wikipedia. online Available at http//en.wiki pedia.org/wiki/Welwyn_Garden_City Accessed 5 Jan. 2015.

The role of technology in business success

The role of engineering science in business successTechnologys new-fangled evolution has created several opportunities for governments to improve their performance and achieve their goals. Organizations consume been trying to understand how technology will add value to their operations and how they can apply it to their benefit. This essay focuses on the importance of technology, as well as on challenges faced in managing technology and, close to significantly, in aligning it with business strategy and leading the organization to business success.INTRODUCTIONIn recent decades, evolving technology has played a crucial role to business success and in fact, sometimes, even in business survival it has been necessary for organizations to incorporate technology, in order to survive in an ever-changing environment and to ontogeny their belligerentness (Pan et al, 2008). According to Sauer and Wilcocks (2003), technology is the most important influence in the evolution of the organi zation of the future. But why is technology important and what actions do the organizations have to take in order to improve their performance and to achieve their goals?IMPORTANCE OF engineering science TO job SUCCESSIn a global market where information flows rapidly, it is strategically significant to manage technology that is able to transform products and services, operations and processes, companies and even competitor (Porter and Millar, 2001).As Floyd (1997) argues, technology is important for two reasons first, it is important to the success of every business activity, as a company is not able to deal with aspiration without use of technology. Secondly, it is technology-driven innovation that can lead an organization to long-term growth. In terms of business activities, organizations can benefit from technology by differentiating their products and services, reducing their run costs, taking advantage of new opportunities and supporting change processes. As for technolog y assisted innovation, it searchs that those organizations that do invest in technology and become innovative increase their market sh bes, financial figures and overall competitiveness.Having identified the importance of technology, managers should take actions of managing technology and adding value to their organizations. In this sense, contemporary organizations, and especially large corporations, invest huge capitals on the implementation of technology over the last decades, for example CRM and ERP systems. Information technology in most business areas facilitates the control of corporate activities, improves operations and helps in gaining the competitive advantage (Lollar et al, 2010).In industries, technology is a key component in order to meet market motivations and customers expectations. In general, apart from achieving their goals, all the organizations need to focus on their customers needs. Leading companies in the market take initiatives by using technology to impro ve their operations, for example marketing and sales, as traditional approaches to these functions seem to be ineffective. As an example, the increasing power of the Internet (including social networking) has forced many companies to change their strategies with the aim of turning this power to their advantage (Bernoff and Lee, 2008).CHALLENGES IN MANAGING TECHNOLOGYImplementing technology in a complex business environment is challenging and requires a number of management tools and processes in order to incorporate changes that will blow over (Phaal et al, 2005). Introducing a new technology should be combined with a strategic plan which involves a number of factors and challenges, as Haywood (1990) suggests first, top management commitment to the technical plans is crucial. Secondly, the identification of appropriate technology and the selection of its source are two further challenged for organizations. Moreover, pack within the company should be able to take advantage of new t echnology and become engaged with the aim of increasing value. Organizations should be organized and structured in a way that allows technological change and advancement. brave out but not least, companies should be able to benefit from this change in order to become to a greater extent competitive and achieve their short and long-term goals.The most significant of the aspects mentioned above is that technology initiatives should align with the overall business strategy organizations should use technology according to business imperatives instead of technical criteria (Bensaou and Earl, 1998). There are multiple challenges in selecting and applying the most appropriate technology that will improve operational performance and utilize resources, people and their knowledge more efficiently. As Bensaou and Earl comment, in that respect are several examples of organizations that either discovered that their technology did not support their business strategies or selected complex techno logical solutions, instead of simple ones that could be more effective.To conclude, it is necessary to take all the aspects of technology into account, so as to implement it in ways that will add value to the business. Managers who are responsible for technology should take initiatives and make the right choices, which reflect the organizations strategy and can lead to business success.ZARA CASE STUDY LESS IS MOREZara is one of the largest international air companies and part of one of the worlds largest distribution groups, Inditex. Zaras approach to technology is based on the principle of low IT investment that can deliver maximum value to the company. scorn being an information-intensive business with dynamic global operations and millions of customers, there is remarkably little information technology (MacAfee, 2004). Zara focuses on the human factor instead of technology, allowing people to make all the decisions there are no CRM systems, no scheduling software and no ERP pla tforms involved in their operations there are no intranets or online connections among stores, production units, distribution centers and the headquarters computers are used in a limited and standardized manner. Despite all these facts, Zara has achieved better performance and higher(prenominal) profits than its competitors, thanks to its targeted technology strategy and alignment of the limited implemented technology with the companys flexible business plan.CONCLUSIONTechnology is one of the most crucial factors for business success. However, it is not the only factor it should be an enabler for the organizations strategic plan. As a result, there is a need to find a balance among technology and business strategy, with the aim of addressing the organizations needs and achieving business goals.

Humanism And The Renaissance Religion Essay

Humanism And The Renaissance Religion EssayHumanism was a cultural move handst that began early in the fourteenth century and was chiefly associated with the Renaissance during the 15th and 16th century. Wilkins defies Humanism as a scholarly and initi on the wholey reactive enthusiasm for classic culture, accompanied by creative writing in Latin on classic lines (Wilkins, 1959, p.169). Humanism became the most important intellectual movework forcet of the Renaissance, thanks to the early efforts of Petrarch (1304-1374) and Boccaccio (1313-1375). Giovanni Pico della Mirandolas address on the Dignity of Man (1486) became a humanist manifesto of sorts (Davies, 1997, p.95).Humanism, of 19th century German coinage, is derived from the late 15th century Italian humanista, or humanist, a teacher of the humanities, or studia humanitatis (Wright, 1993, p.155). Humanitas, from which humanist derives, is Ciceros translation of the Greek paedeia, literally cultural education (Kenney, 1982, p .258) or simply an educational and cultural program based on the study of the classics and coloured by the notion of human dignity (Kinney, 1986, p.xi).The Renaissance humanist movement originated in Italy. It was through church and literary contacts with Italy that humanism penetrate to Britain in the first half of the 15th century. At first, some English patrons paid Italian secretaries and scribes to prep ar for them manuscripts of ancient and more recent texts (Cannon, 2009, p.336). According to Cannon, virtually c.1500 the teachings of poetry, blandishment, and those classical writers neglected in the Middle Ages had fail appreciated at some(prenominal) Cambridge and Oxford universities (Cannon, 2009, p.336).Sir Thomas More (?1477-1535) was one of Eng bestows greatest humanists, a Christian exaltation known for his piety, devotion, and integrity. He was also a Member of Parliament, a diplomat, an ambassador, and Lord Chancellor of England. He was also a man of great learn ing and wit. Associated with the northern Renaissance, he tried to wed the Christian ethos with ancient wisdom. In 1535, he was beheaded for not acknowledging Henry VIIIs rule of the English church (Chesney, 2004, p.163).Thomas Mores Utopia (1516) is a Christian-humanist entrance of an intellectionl society. The books real title is The Best State of a Commonwealth and the new-fangled Island of Utopia, which thus refers to Platos Republic. More offers this vision not only as a mental idea, but also as one that humans can strive to create in this arena (Hansen, 2006, p.214). The text is a self-awargon effort by More to offer his readers a Christianisation of Platos Republic (Starnes, 1990, p.22). Mores book fuses the practical implications of Ciceros vita activa, and the social radicalism of the New Testament (Peltonen, 2004, p.10).Mores book, Utopia, is the last great Christian implication of the Renaissance. The Christian aspect of the synthesis is Christs gospel of caring fo r the poor, the oppressed, and the downtrodden. The Platonic, Republican tradition is the Greek aspect of the synthesis (Scott, 2004, p.32). More wrote the Utopia with a satirical tone, allowing him to speak his lawfulness while telling his deeper level esoterically (Sider, 2007, p.139).Utopia takes the form of a dialogue led by a Socratic wise man, Raphael Hytlodaeus. The first book sets the stage for all that is to follow, and the second book is an exposition of the communal, social, and political arrangements of the Utopians (Starnes, 1990, p.24). Scholars have identified a number of classical and Christian traditions that influenced Mores conception of the polity described in set aside II of Utopia. In addition to Platos Republic, these sources are Augustines City of God, the ideals of the monastic calling the pagan virtues of wisdom, fortitude, temperance, and justice and the notion, derived from the Christian church fathers that private property arose as a consequence of or iginal sin (Baker, 1999, p.57).Such sources clearly place Mores Utopia within the framework of northern Christian humanist concerns. However, the absurdities and contradictions in Utopia seem to undermine the view that More was serious. The Greek roots of evokes create absurdities the expression utopia is coined from Greek words and means no place (Donner, 1945, p.2) Raphael Hytlodaeus name is also unusual. His Christian name links him with the archangel Raphael and means the healing of God, however his surname, Hythlodaeus, means nonsense, therefore his name would mean something like the healing (one) of God, knowing nonsense (Starnes, 1990, p.24).The dialogue form, so familiar to Renaissance writers, allowed a writer to argue the opposite side of a case precisely to follow up its implications. Structurally, Mores immediate model was Platos Parmenides (Ackroyd, 1999, p.425). In Utopia, More presents the real world in Book I and the ideal in Book II. In Book I, in the Dialogue of Counsel, Raphael and More require in the familiar humanist debate regarding civic duty Should intellectuals stay aloof from public life or engage in politics? Raphael gives utter to the ideal of contemplation, while More puts the case that Cicero made in De officiis, the case for action. Who wins the argument?The case put by More follows Cicero verbatim in places. Recognising this, it is practical to argue that More (the author) has refashioned Platos image of an ideal society in order to argue that service to the commonwealth, and perhaps the best state of a commonwealth itself, involves statecraft, diplomacy, and via media (Guy, 2000, p.46). Hence, unlike Plato, whose ideal pointed to the only solution, More sought the best possible solution.In conclusion, Utopia fuses the ideals of Platos Republic, the political pragmatism of Ciceronian humanism, and the social radicalism of the New Testament (Wegemer, 1998, p.109). There are connections between Utopia and Mores own life. Ut opia embodied Mores quest to understand the proper relationship between philosophy and public life in an ongoing dialogue (Skinner, 2002, p.224).Francis Bacons fragmentary text, The New Atlantis, clearly offers an alternative to Thomas Mores humanist vision of Utopia. Though composed about one hundred years ap artwork, the similarities between the two texts are striking. Both narratives take place on remote islands previously unknown to European explorers, and the stories are related by sailors who, having become lost at sea, ruin the islands when blown off course by life-threatening storms. Both societies, though unknown to Christian Europe, have through some miraculous event become aware of and been converted to Christianity, and both have benefited from social reforms made by a wise and enlightened king. However, the differenced are equally striking. In Mores Utopia, the problems the plague European society are ameliorated by a closely ordered communal society in which power an d wealth are strictly controlled and evenly distributed. In Bacons Bensalem, however, the well-ordered society is a result of prosperity that is itself the result of natural philosophy and technology it is a society ruled by wise men who study of natural philosophers allows them to reap the benefits of Gods creation for themselves and their fellow citizens. Mores text is a somewhat pessimistic view of humankind, which suggests that the baser elements of our nature may only be smothered through the most vigorous control. Bacons New Atlantis is a much more optimistic text that hints at the relative perfectibility of human nature through art and science (Salzman, 2002, p.28).The New Atlantis was most likely written sometime in 1624 and was published posthumously in 1627 by Rawley along with the Sylva Sylvarum (Coquillette, 1992, p.275). According to Spedding, the story of Solomons house is nothing more than the vision of the practical results which Bacon anticipated from the study of natural history diligently and systematically carried on through successive generations (cited in Coquillette, 1992, p.257). Rawley called it a fragment, and it clearly seems to be incomplete (Manuel and Manuel, 1979, p.254).Speddings confidence in Bacons intellectual integrity is impossible to confirm. Many of Bacons philosophical texts are unfinished, while the aphoristic course of others makes them seem incomplete. It was, after all, a tenet of Bacons philosophy that scientific communication should be incomplete, a goad to spur the auditor to further investigation. Whether it is complete or not, however, The New Atlantis offers an intriguing glimpse of a society led by wise men whose knowledge is secured by natural philosophy, not an ideal world released from the natural to which ours is subject, but of our world as it might be made if we did our duty by it (cited in Coquillette, 1992, p.258).For the Renaissance humanist, the issue of character was of utmost importance. The idea humanist was the vir bonus dicendi peritus, the good man speaking well, whose eloquence arose from a harmonious union between wisdom and style and whose aim was to guide men toward virtue and worthwhile goals, not to mislead from for vicious or trivial purposes (Gray, 1963, p.498). Central to the appeal of The New Atlantis is the character of the Bensalemites. They possess, in Speddings words, sober piety, serious cheerfulness, cordial and gracious courtesy, open-handed hospitality, fidelity in public and chastity in private life, grave and graceful manners, order, decency and earnest industry (Bacon). In addition, the inhabitants of Bensalem were, for the most part, Christians, having encountered a shadowy chest containing the books of the Bible. They were equally well acquainted with the histories and mythologies of other lands, including those of the Far East and the Americas. This knowledge was gained both from their own travels to other lands and from travellers whom they ha d received throughout history.The narrator of The New Atlantis meets a number of individuals whose actions demonstrate the character of the larger society of Bensalem. The first meeting between the ships company and a citizen of Bensalem takes place after they seek mental hospital in their harbour following a storm. The crew saw on the shore of the city divers of the people, with bastons in their hands, as it were forbidding us to land yet without any cries or fierceness but only as warning us by signs that they made (Bacon). When the Bensalemites deliver to the ship a scroll, which offers them mental home for sixteen days, as well as asking after their needs for food, water, medical treatment, or repairs to their ship, it is evident that theirs is a hierarchically-ordered, Christian society, acquainted with the world impertinent its borders, clearly cautious, but not apparently xenophobic. The ships company, who are put at ease by this encounter, inform the Bensalemeites of the status of their ship and health and are afterward invited into a place called the Strangers House where they are accommodated of things both for our whole and for our sick (Bacon).Given their belief in the possibility of language to achieve practical evidence and to move individuals to right action, the production and consumption of literary texts were acts of great importance for early Renaissance humanists. Quattrocento humanist rhetoric was situated within the context of civic humanism and allied to the virtue of prudence, or practical wisdom. Because the marker of the individuals achievement of humanist values was eloquence, the art of rhetoric was critical to the humanist project. As it was ripe during the quattrocentro, however, rhetoric was a truncated version of classical rhetoric because it did not extend to legislative and legal settings (Kahn, 1985, p.38). Rather, it was primarily epideictic rhetoric the rhetoric of praise or blame. Unlike other scholars who stress th e limitations on rhetoric and view quattrocentro rhetoric as a precursor to a purely aesthetic form of the art, Kahn suggests that the conflation of rhetoric and poetics enlarges the sphere of literature, since the written text now takes on the functions of deliberative and judicial rhetoric (Kahn, 1985, p.38). Thus, the production of the work of literature, or any work of art, was a deliberative or prudential act, as was consumption of that work through the act of readingPrudence or practical reason that is deliberation about action in a social or political context is also at work in the artists production of a work of art. Prudence is, in this sense, the condition of artistic decorum, just as it is of honourable decorum. As a result, the work of art is seen less as an object than as reflecting a certain puzzle out or activity or judgment. (Kahn, 1985, p.39)Consequently, knowledge of the literary text can only be practical, since the interpretive practice of reading requires the same acts of discrimination, the same judgments of decorum, as does the authors practice of writing (Kahn, 1985, p.39). For the humanists, then, literary texts and these included primarily poetry and drama, dialogues, and texts such as Philip Sidneys Defense of Poesy- were considered appropriate rhetorical activities that could lead individuals to right action in the realm of human affairs. Bacons New Atlantis follows in this tradition and is intended to lead both the king and fellow citizens to the right action of embracing natural philosophy. civic humanism during the Renaissance was nowhere more fully developed than in England of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and texts such as Thomas Elyots Boke Named the Gouvernour and Thomas Mores Utopia, were critical elements in the transmission of humanist values. Although they are generically very different The Boke Named the Gouvernour is an advice book to rulers while Utopia is a detailed description of the life and habits of the citizens of a fictional island both texts are concerned with the proper way to organise and govern society. Such texts, as Kahn has suggested perform an essentially rhetorical function, in that the act of reading was seen as a deliberative and prudential act. Mores Utopia, for example, acted as a critique of various social ills, and offered as a solution a highly-structured communal society whose laws and usage were founded upon Christian and humanist values. Like his fellow humanists, Bacon was interested in improving society, and his New Atlantis, which is clearly a response to Mores Utopia, offers the very different view of how to carry out that goal (Salzman, 2002, p.28).Both Mores Utopia and Bensalem of Bacons New Atlantis are island societies, discovered by sailors lost at sea. More imagines a communal society in which power is mild because its leaders are drawn from the general population and serve for limited terms. In Bacons ideal society, the leaders are philosophe rs who are dedicated to the proficiency and progression of knowledge as a means of improving their society. The social institutions in Utopia are based on humanist ethical principles in The New Atlantis, ethical principles are derived from natural philosophy, and the pre-eminent social institution is a philosophical society. In Bensalem, nature is not only the source of material benefits, but serves a normative function as the source of knowledge from which serves as a basis for an ethical system. Bacons blending of Stoic concepts with humanist values.The leaders of Bacons Bensalem are more redolent(p) of the philosopher-kings of Platos Republic. An essential difference between Mores Utopia and The New Atlantis is that More assumes that societys resources are limited and guards against discord by levelling class and monetary distinctions Bacon suggests that the new philosophy will chasten discord because it creates and abundance of material goods (Price, 2002, p.2).With the poli tical uproar of the English Civil War (1642-1648), saw the end to the British Renaissance. Nonetheless, humanism and classical culture move to be a powerful influence in Britain. During the 18th and 19th century, architects designed new buildings applying the classical tradition, and education focused on Latin and Greek languages and literature (Cannon, 2009, p.336).

Garbage Laws :: English Literature Essays

Garbage LawsGarbage Laws, a Narritive Essay The town of Kabawaga, where I live, has some very strict garbage by rectitudes that were first introduced some go years ago in an effort to use new recycling guidelines and to save money as authorities at that time stated that the landfills were near at capacity. And what started bulge out as a conservation measure has now escalated into a stack of garbage laws for our community. The town claimed that it was progressing as each year power saw a new bylaw regulating garbage come into effect. Every year more was expected from the taxpayer in abidance to these new bylaws and the town appointed officers to do them, who went out and gave out fines to taxpayers not obeying the garbage law. I saw many neighbor get cited for taking their garbage out to the curb too early. The law states that garbage essential be taken to curbside after 600pm the night before pickup. I suppose thats fine if you have a daytime job. Did anyone at town hall ever hear of shift-workers? The most recent change, just passed last week by town council prohibits putting plastic bottles in a plastic bag. Now all plastic bottles must be taken out to curbside in an open top square plastic recycle stroke provided by the town for five dollars. Plastic bottles that are not in this box will not be picked up and violators will be fined harmonize to the channel 7 news report I saw. And so, this year we already have another new nonsense bylaw. And why are these laws nonsense? This keep down explains it there can be no more than five garbage cans out at one time at any one residence, no cans can be put out to curbside until six p.m. the day before pickup, all garbage must be tightly wrapped in a clear plastic garbage bag, no oil bottle, paint cans, or other chemical bottles are allowed with regular garbage, no sand, concrete, or rocks allowed in garbage, no cardboard allowed except only twice a year at special pickup time, newspapers must be bundled with s tring only, no tape, and put out separately every second week, and no metal except twice a year. All appliances such as old broken refrigerators, stoves and washers etc. must be called in by appointment. Furniture must also be called in. Wood cant be longer than four-foot sections and must be bundled with string.