Economic development in bahrain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Economic development in bahrain - Essay Example Her population is 1.05 million with birth rate of 18 per 1000, death rate 4 per 1000, life expectancy is 74.7 years, birth rate is 2.6 children per woman, and literacy rate is 86.5 percent. It is mainly a Islamic country with 81.2 percent Muslims with ethnic groups like 62.4 percent Bahraini, 37.6 percent non-Bahraini, 9 percent Christian and 9.8 percent others (Bahrain, n.d.) Bahrain also known as al-Ihsa (Arabic) is a coastal town bounded by the Pursian Gulf on the east with Iraq above and Oman below is famous for its pearls (Nadwi, 1936, p.24). The history of this Arabian country finds it roots back in 2300 B.C. The land of Bahrain was the hub of ancient civilization of Dilmun, a pronominal trading center at that time connecting the civilization of Sumeria in Mesopotamia with the Indus Valley in India. After the degeneration of the civilization of Dilmun in 600 B.C., the most phenomenal incident which took place there was the overtaking of Bahrainian rule by the Carmathians (half-muslim, half -Magians) during the Muslim age and they established this place as their central political arena. The Carmathians were dethroned by the Sunni rulers in 976 and developed a powerful Muslim rule there. The pearl treasure of Bahrain became an immense attraction for the foreign invaders and plunderers as a consequence of which many foreign rulers ruled this place for a significant time period like during the 13th and 14th century the Mongols ruled there who were dethroned from their powers by Portuguese invasion in 1521 who ruled for about a century and then taken over by Bahranian rule which was followed by Omanian rule for some time then for a certain period of time the Persians ruled who were defeated by Al Khalifa clan invasion in 1783. Although the Al Khalifans were removed by the sultanate of Oman for some time they regained power in 1811. On the other hand the colonial expansion of Great Britain imparted its focus toward

The Importance of Accounting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Importance of Accounting - Research Paper Example There are numerous significances of accounting, which must be accompanied by knowledge on how to perform this activity appropriately. Accounting is also crucial since it assists in ensuring financial accountability in a commercial institution. However, there are individuals that have a different ideology that diminishes the significance of accounting. These individuals sustain the notion that accounting is not as significant as most scholars might insist. The advocates of this notion present different rationales for their argument. Amongst other assertions, there is a claim that conventional record keeping styles are outdated due to technological developments. Therefore, the advocates of this notion conclude that accounting is an extremely complex procedure that wastes an organization’s resources. The main controversy surrounding the issues of the significance of accounting is about the methodology to utilize for thorough accountability. Most individuals are advocates of the G AAP structure, but there are trends that lead to questioning of whether this technique is all-inclusive. The preliminary purpose of accounting is to document transactions in a commercial institution. This comprises documentation of the received and outgoing funds. This procedure has to be undertaken accurately and in adherence to the GAAP regulations. However, some individuals are abandoning commonplace financial statements. These individuals assert that there are other techniques for analyzing data, even in massive magnitudes. These novel techniques of data evaluation diminish the significance of standard financial accounts. Moreover, these ideologies are due to augmenting disparity between users’ desires and what the standard records avail. Furthermore, there are assertions that the procedure of accounting is intricate especially for minute organizations; and hence, insignificant. This discourse is an evaluation of varying ideologies on the significance of accounting. It al so explores why standardized accounting is extremely crucial to an organization despite the trends to this regard. The utilization of the GAAP structure in the financial recording is the preliminary aspect of forecasting, controlling and financial deliberation. Most commercial institutions have an accounts section that utilizes GAAPs to give details relating to the prevailing and future financial circumstances of the institution. Consequently, the deliberation procedures regarding the institution’s projects become effortless. The institutions which utilize appropriate accounting practices are extremely competitive when contrasted with other organizations that utilize substandard practices. Moreover, proper accounting assists in determining the opportunities that an organization should seize in accordance with its financial situation (Kieso, Weygandt and Warfield, 2011). Moreover, the advocates of GAAP structure continue to assert that accounting is significant since, through this recording, there is easy detection of corruption. This documentation also aids in the acquisition of funds from commercial organizations.

The Foodservice Management Information System Essay Example for Free

The Foodservice Management Information System Essay The Foodservice Management Information System (FMIS V) sold by Genesistems, Inc. since 1980 on mini and super mini computers is now available on low cost personal computers and popular networks under FMIS V. According to Genesistems President Eric Muench, new programming languages have provided a method of allowing Genesistems proven FMIS system to operate with the same speed and flexibility on the new popular personal computers that was formerly available only on larger computers. This brings the cost of an automated solution for the foodservice operator down to a price that is affordable. The manager must be able to determine prices and schedules, make forecasts, perform an ongoing audit of inventory and other company assets, and monitor performance. More and more managers are turning to the computer to provide this information on a timely basis, he said. Traditionally, foodservice institutions have had weak in-house accounting systems based on tedious manual procedures, Muench continued. The result has been poor cost control. Food cost information is generally outdated before manual computations can even be completed. FMIS V solves these and other problems at a reasonable cost. FMIS V consists of the following modules: general ledger, accounts payable, payroll, bank reconciliation, inventory control, recipe control, sales analysis, and management report writing. Telecommunications input is available for certain cash registers. All modules are integrated and provide full accounting information automatically to the general ledger for up-to-date financial statements. The Foodservice Management Information System is available nationally from Genesistems, Inc. For more details on the Foodservice Management Information System, please contact us for more information. General Ledger The General Ledger module is the center of the accounting system. It is a powerful yet easy to use module that can accommodate a single unit restaurant as well as a large multiple unit operation. The General Ledger is automatically updated from all other modules being operated. Both 12 and 13 period accounting are supported. The Trial Balance Report and General Ledger Report provide the necessary documentation and audit trails required of a professional accounting system. Financial Statements can be designed to your specifications by you within the General Ledger module. The optional Management Report Writer gives you the added ability to print complex financial statements that consolidate or compare multiple time periods and units if necessary. Account budgets may be set up and used in forecasting and comparisons to actual activity. Accounts Payable The Accounts Payable module is designed to allow you to better manage your vendor invoices and payments. Inventory purchases that are entered will be automatically updated to the Inventory, Recipe, and Sales Analysis modules without any additional work. Invoices may be entered in summary, detail, or a combination of the two. By entering invoices, you are creating the capability of accumulating unpaid invoices easily at any time. A purchase history by vendor is also maintained, and check payment can be accomplished easily in a method that is convenient for your operation. This module lets you stay on top of your outstanding invoices so that invoices are never paid for twice. Payroll The Payroll module is designed for time entry, printing payroll checks, general ledger distribution and year-end W-2 forms. It can operate on a daily, weekly, bi-weekly, semi-monthly, or monthly basis with all input verified, copied, and employee records updated during the End-Pay-Period procedure. Other useful options are included such as payroll history inquiry, earnings summary report, employee payroll history, tip allocation, tip reporting and is integrated to the optional Federal Magnetic Media Reporting module. The module is easy to use due to its one-step nature. After set-up with a General Ledger file and initial data entry, payroll tracking becomes relatively easy. Time is entered, then the register is printed. If corrections are necessary, they can be made to the appropriate entries and the register re-printed. After everything balances, checks and reports are printed and then the pay period can be closed. This module is designed to operate in conjunction with other modules that may be installed. Programs are explained as if the General Ledger module were included. Information is transferred to all integrated modules as a function of the End-Pay-Period procedure or is transferred each month through the End-of-Month posting procedure. Bank Reconciliation The Bank Reconciliation module is used to manage your bank accounts. It is automatically updated as checks are written and deposits are entered. A simple method of canceling checks allows you to reconcile the account to the bank statement in very little time. Multiple bank accounts can be maintained simply and easily. A historical check register is maintained for up to five years for your review. Accurate, on demand financial statements tighten management control and eliminate monthly accounting fees. True, double entry accounting with forced balancing of entries eliminates costly posting errors. Comparisons of business units permit management to make intelligent analysis and take effective action. Reporting accommodates easy consolidation of multiple units or companies for corporate requirements. Simple invoice entry organizes and validates invoices for accuracy and automatically updates the Inventory module if necessary. Accounts Payable Cash Requirements Report provides immediate access to a list of currently due invoices and the total cash required. Controlled payment of Accounts Payable invoices eliminates duplicate payments, conserves cash, and accrues interest. Selection and printing of Accounts Payable computer checks saves time and eliminates errors. Bank Reconciliation provides an easy way to control and reconcile any bank accounts. Inventory Control The Inventory Control module is designed to allow you a fast and easy way to keep track of your inventory. You are able to track what you have purchased and what prices you are paying from various suppliers for any length of time. In-house batch production items can be processed along with multiple location transfers. Inventory is first categorized into major classifications that you choose such as meat, dairy and produce. Inventory can be kept on a perpetual basis by entering your purchases for those items and taking a physical count monthly or as frequently as desired to get your actual usage on each item. Inventory may also be kept on a periodic basis which does not require entering all your purchases. The periodic method allows for entry of a physical count and last cost at any point in time and will automatically extend the inventory for you. Both methods provide inventory count sheets by specific storage location and fast inventory count entry methods. The two methods can also be combined to allow detailed control of high cost items and less detailed control of less significant items. Recipe Control The Recipe Control module works hand in hand with the Inventory Control module. It provides you with an organized method of entering your recipes. You can take advantage of the ability to monitor your costs at all times before cost increases erode your profit margins. Unlimited levels of sub-recipes can be maintained very easily. Recipes can include a plate cost for items that you may not want to set up. Recipes can be costed in seconds at Last Cost or Average Cost and can be printed or displayed on the screen. Each recipe can also have detailed preparation instructions set up for use as a training manual. Quick, accurate food and beverage cost percentages can spot increasing costs before it is too late. What If capability for quick, profitable decisions on effect of price and cost changes to a menu or individual item. Easy, timely, accurate trend information on profit margins and popularity of menu items. Regular variance reporting on Actual versus Potential Inventory Usage flags items to watch for excessive use. Prompt, accurate comparisons of multi-unit sales for better management analysis and decisions. Server analysis tells you who is and who isnt selling items such as specials and desserts. Usage, waste and pilferage information is available at any time for management corrective action to maximize profits. Inventory Use and Purchase History allows more accurate inventory planning. Provides a clear, precise way of standardizing recipes for easier employee use. Inventory transfers between multiple units are tracked for proper allocation of charges and better management relations. Inventory Production allows the tracking of in-house prep items to show actual inventory usage and real costs. Friendly, flexible set up allows you to track only information you need and not data that you dont care about. Sales Analysis The Sales Analysis module completes the operations triangle. Both Inventory and Recipe Control are related heavily to Sales Analysis. Menu items are set up and defined at this point. A menu item can refer to a recipe or directly to an inventory item. Daily sales can be entered manually or transferred from a point of sale device if one is available. Sales history is maintained on a daily basis for any number of years. Entering your sales will generate your potential or optimal use of each inventory item and will give you an actual versus potential usage variance. Sales trends can be tracked in a wide variety of methods using the Management Report Writer. Sales Analysis gives you the capability to stay on top of your margins and control them before they can hurt you. Management Report Writing The Report Writer module allows the creation of custom reports wanted by individual companies. The flexibility and adaptability of this module allows for seemingly unlimited variations of report types. This module is limited only by your imagination. Thirty-six columns are available for mathematical and statistical computations (only limited by your printers capability). Data to be printed on these reports can be drawn from a variety of sources. The most common source is General Ledger and the Report Writer is particularly suited to producing complex financial statements. Reports can also be produced based on data from Sales Analysis or from the Statistics section of the Management Report Writer.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Essay Example for Free

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Essay This paper is a research on different aspects of Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). The introduction provides background information on TCP/IP protocol suite and the need for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). This is followed by a section that defines and discusses Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). Technical aspects of DHCP are also discussed in the paper as well as the kind of information provided by the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server. The methods used by Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server to allocate IP addresses are discussed, followed by a conclusion that sums up the entire paper. Introduction The current growth of the need for communication and information sharing has led to the increase in networking. This is what has led to the reception of the TCP/IP protocol suite into organizational networks. TCP/IP protocol suite is the fundamental communication standard of the internet. Prior to the introduction of TCP/IP protocol suite, organizations utilized different protocols and standards. TCP/IP protocol suite has become the commonly used internet protocol in organizations as it makes it easy for them to communicate and share information effectively and utilize internet equipment for higher efficiency (Davis, 2006). The design of this suite needs that every network utilizing the protocol has a distinctive address that suits into the addressing system within the company. This means that all the addresses need to be members within a subnet. This subnet need to be developed from a group of logically connected computers. One means of achieving this is moving the management of the IP addresses from the client networks to a central server. It was in response to this need that the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) developed DHCP (Droms and Lemon, 2002). Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) refers to a standardized communication protocol that is defined by RFC 1541. This is a networking protocol that permits dynamic distribution of IP addresses and configuration information from servers to clients (Mitchell, 2010). With the use of the concept of dynamic addressing, a machine can have a new IP address every instant it joins the network. In some networks, the addresses can change even with the device still connected to the network. This is the protocol that allows network administrators efficiency in central management and automation in the assignment of IP addresses in a network. The work of the administrator is made easier since the software tracks the addresses rather than having the administrator manage the operation. Its main purpose is to lessen the work of the network administrator particularly for large IP networks (Davis, 2006). By utilizing this protocol, any computer that requires to be connected to the internet, requires a distinctive IP address whose assigning is done when the connection is developed for a particular machine. This means that with the use of Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, a machine can connect to an IP-based internet connection without the need for pre-configured IP address (Mitchell, 2010). This is because Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol assigns distinctive IP addresses to machines, afterwards releasing and renewing the addresses as machine disconnect and re-connect the connection. This protocol is commonly used by internet service providers to make it easy for consumers to join the internet with minimal efforts. This is commonly used for dial-up users (Droms and Lemon, 1999). Technical aspects of DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol utilizes a client/server relationship to assign addresses, keep track of their utilization, and retrieve a prearranged list of IP addresses and other configuration data within a system. Every organization possesses one or more Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol servers which have a range of programmed IP addresses, as well as some other start-up information or supplementary parameters. When the client system is booted, the system transmits a call for a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server to provide it with an IP address. In most ordinary cases, the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server provides the client system with an IP address and a specific length of time for which the device may utilize the address. This specific period of time is usually referred to as a lease. The lease varies depending on the length of time the client may require the internet connection. This is mostly crucial in education and other locations where users keep on changing (Droms and Lemon, 2002). Use of short leases, can allow Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol to dynamically configure connections where the number of devices to be connected is greater than the existing IP addresses. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol can also provide support for static IP addresses for devices that require a fixed IP address, for example the web servers. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol utilizes the ports allocated by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and Bootstrap Protocol or BOOTP; 67/udp is for conveying information to the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server while 68/udp is for relaying information to the client system. The working of Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server is in four main stages: IP discovery, IP lease offer, IP request, and IP lease acknowledgement (Davis, 2006). Information provided by the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server Commonly, the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server provides the client system with at least this fundamental information: IP address; Subnet mask and Default Gateway. There are other information that can be provided including Domain Name Service (DNS) server addresses and Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) server addresses. The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server is configured by the network administrator with the choices that are parsed out to the requesting system (Davis, 2006). Methods of assigning IP addresses There are three common methods used by the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server to allocate IP addresses. The first method is dynamic allocation. This is the assigning of a range of IP addresses to Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol by an administrator. In this kind of allocation, every client system has its IP software design in such a way that it can call for an IP address from the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server when the connection is initialized. The requesting and granting process utilizes the concept of lease with a controllable duration (Droms and Lemon, 2002). This makes it possible for the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server to retrieve and then reallocate the addresses that are not reused. The second method is automatic allocation. In this method, there is permanent allocation of a free IP address by the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server to a client system that sends a request. The range of allocation in this method is defined by the network administrator (Davis, 2006). This method is similar to dynamic allocation only that in this case, the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server retains a table of IP addresses that have been assigned. The purpose of this table is to as much as possible assign the same address that a machine previously had. The last method is static allocation. The allocation of addresses by the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server is based on a table that has MAC address/IP address pairs. The allocations are carried out only for client systems that have MAC address in the table (Droms and Lemon, 1999). Conclusion From the research, it is evident that Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is useful in moving the management of Internet Protocol addresses from distributed client networks to centrally controlled servers. The centrally controlled servers retain important information eliminating the requirement for the client systems to retain static network information. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol has saved administrators a lot of efforts and time in configuring and managing the networks. There is also reduction in the cost of ownership and operation of client systems. This has led to reduction of costs for organizations by moving management of network configuration from clients systems to a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server. The organizations are also allowed better control of their computing environment. References: Davis, J. (2006). Telecommute Safely: Use Internet Technology to Keep Cost Down, Journal of Accountancy, Vol. 202. Droms, R. Lemon, T. (1999). The DHCP Handbook: Understanding, Deploying, and Managing Automated Configuration Services. London: Macmillan Publishing Company. Droms, R. Lemon, T. (2002). DHCP Handbook, The (2nd Edition), Atlanta, GA: Sams Mitchell, B. (2010). DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Retrieved on July 6, 2010 from http://compnetworking. about. com/cs/protocolsdhcp/g/bldef_dhcp. htm

How Are Pistons Made Engineering Essay

How Are Pistons Made Engineering Essay There are different ways of doing the pistons and they all aims to achieve the lighter piston with least friction. Some of these are explained as follows: Cast piston is used for light-duty. The cast surface tells us this piston wont stand up to extremes of temperature and rpm because the molecular structure isnt as tight as it is with hypereutectic and forged pistons. Die-cast pistons are made by pouring molten aluminium into a mould. Then, the piston is machined into a finished product. Hypereutectic pistons are little more than a die-cast slug with a high silicone content. This makes the surfaces harder and shinier. It also changes the expansion properties, allowing you to run tighter piston-to-cylinder-wall clearances. You can run a hypereutectic piston a lot harder than you can a cast unit. The high-silicone content gives the hypereutectic a forged appearance. Note the huge valve relief for those Cleveland intake valves. Forged pistons are more involved, and, certainly, more expensive to make. Instead of a simple mould, we need a giant press, which rams the aluminium into a complex mould under high pressure. Machining forged pistons is no small feat. It is both time consuming and expensive. The forged piston advantage is greater strength, harder surfaces, more predictable expansion properties, and virtually no porosity. Another advantage to forged pistons is the ability to make them lighter and with less skirt. We can do this because forged pistons are stronger. We can machine more meat out of them without suffering structural losses. Forged pistons have a distinctive look, with an extra-hard surface and machining marks. These are what you go with when high rpm and high heat are expected. If youre running nitrous or supercharging, theyre mandatory. Piston technology has come a long way. Computer-aided design and CNC machining technology has made it possible to make custom pistons for just about any application you can think of. With this technology has come lighter pistons with less skirt that offer less friction. Piston Design: Piston design and shape greatly effect how an engine performs. When pistons are too heavy, we lose power. Design in too much skirt, and we lose power through excessive friction. Too little skirt, and the piston becomes unstable. Shoehorn in too much displacement, push the wrist pin into the ring grooves, and you have a formula for piston failure because this exerts too much heat on the pin and boss. In the dreamy world of piston science, we dream of the perfect pistonthe piston that creates very little friction (drag), weighs very little, carries just the right amount of oil up the cylinder walls, and provides a perfect cylinder seal. In the real world, it is nearly impossible to achieve all of these elements at once. http://www.mustangandfords.com/techarticles/mufp_0505_piston_fundamentals/piston_selection.html Piston Engine: A reciprocating engine, also often known as a piston engine, is a heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert pressure into a rotating motion. This article describes the common features of all types. The main types are: The internal combustion engine, used extensively in motor vehicles, The steam engine, the mainstay of the Industrial Revolution, The niche application Stirling engine. Piston Make: The current problem is that there are two pistons with failure; the author here is doing analysis and investigation on the tow pistons trying to find the root causes for this problem and how to avoid this to happen again next time. Those tow pistons are parts in a marine diesel engine made by a German company called MAN Diesel Turbo. MAN Diesel Turbo is one of the worlds leading suppliers in its various fields. From pleasure yacht engines to four-stroke engines for giant container ships, from emergency power units  to turnkey diesel power plants, from single compressors and turbines to complete machine trains for various industrial applications. The engine for the piston is a marine engine with product number L20/27. In theory, diesel engines are internal combus ­tion engines designed to convert the chemical energy available in fuel into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy moves pistons up and down inside cylinders. The pistons are connected to a crankshaft, and the up-and-down motion of the pistons, known as linear motion, creates the rotary motion needed to turn the wheels of a car forward. Diesel engines covert fuel into energy through a series of small explosions or combustions. explosions happen In a diesel engine; the air is compressed first, and then the fuel is injected. Because air heats up when its compressed, the fuel ignites. The diesel engine uses a four-stroke combustion cycle . The four strokes are: Stroke 1 of 4 Suck: Intake stroke On the intake or induction stroke of the piston , the piston descends from the top of the cylinder to the bottom of the cylinder, reducing the pressure inside the cylinder. A mixture of fuel and air is forced by atmospheric (or greater) pressure into the cylinder through the intake port. The intake valve(s) then close. The intake valve opens up, letting in air and moving the piston down.  ­ Stroke 2 of 4 Squeeze Compression stroke: With both intake and exhaust valves closed, the piston returns to the top of the cylinder compressing the fuel-air mixture. This is known as the compression stroke. The piston moves back up and compresses the air. Stroke 3 of 4 Bang Combustion stroke: While the piston is at or close to Top Dead Center, the compressed airà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬fuel mixture is ignited, usually by a spark plug (for a gasoline or Otto cycle engine) or by the heat and pressure of compression (for a diesel cycle or compression ignition engine). The resulting massive pressure from the combustion of the compressed fuel-air mixture drives the piston back down toward bottom dead center with tremendous force. This is known as the power stroke, which is the main source of the engines torque and power. As the piston reaches the top, fuel is injected at just the right moment and ignited, forcing the piston back down. Stroke 4 of 4 Blow Exhaust stroke: During the exhaust stroke, the piston once again returns to top dead center while the exhaust valve is open. This action evacuates the products of combustion from the cylinder by pushing the spent fuel-air mixture through the exhaust valve(s). The piston moves back to the top, pushing out the exhaust created from the combustion out of the exhaust valve. Remember that the diesel engine has no spark plug, that it intakes air and compresses it, and that it then injects the fuel directly into the combustion chamber (direct injection). It is the heat of the compressed air that lights the fuel in a diesel engine. In the next section, well examine the diesel injection process. Lubrication cooling Medium-alkaline lube oils have proven to be suitable for lubricating the power train, the cylinders, the turbocharger and, if the facility is provided, for the cooling of the pistons. Such medium-alkaline lube oils contain additives which, amongst other things, provide them with a higher neutralization capability than is the case with blended (HD) oils. Basic oil The basic oil (medium-alkaline lube oil = basic oil + additives) must be a narrow distillation cut and must be refined according to modern methods. Bright stocks, if contained, must neither adversely affect the thermal nor the oxidation stability of the basic oil Medium-alkaline lube oil The basic oil with additives have been mixed (medium-alkaline lube oil) must demonstrate the following characteristics: The additives must be dissolved in the oil and must be of such a composition tat an absolute minimum of ash remains as residue after combustion, even if temporary operated on distillate fuel. That ash must be soft. If this prerequisite id not complied with, increased deposits are to be expected in the combustion chamber especially at the outlet valves and in the inlet housing of the turbochargers. Hard additive ash promotes pitting on the valve seats, as well as burnt-out valves and increased mechanical wear. Additives must not cause clogging of the filter elements, neither in their active nor in their exhausted state. The cleaning capacity must be so high that coke and tar-like residues occurring when fuel is combusted must not build-up. The dispersing capacity must selected such that commercially available lube oil cleaning equipment can remove the combustion deposits from the used oil, i.e. the used oil must possess good separation and filtration properties. The neutralization capacity (ASTM-D2896) must be so high that the acidic products which emanate during combustion are neutralized by the lube oil consumption of the engine. The reaction time of the additives must be matched to the process in the combustion chamber. The tendency to evaporate must be as low as possible, otherwise the oil consumption is adversely affected. The lube oil must not form a stable emulsion with water. The lube oil must not contain agents to improve viscosity index. The fresh oil must be free from water and other contaminants.

Cultural Impact of Technology Transfer :: Exemplification Essays

Cultural Impact of Technology Transfer Human history has demonstrated that the flow of information is inevitable; cultures across the world have been trading ideas for thousands of years. Dick Teresi claims, however, that "a technology evolves within a culture and its particular demands and preoccupations, intertwined with that society’s particular environment.† (Teresi, 356) While this statement holds true for many innovations, not all technologies are direct products of the cultures using them. As human communications increased, technologies were frequently invented in one culture and transferred to another. The cultures that acquired technologies from outside sources oftentimes utilized them in ways originally not intended. Did these external technologies have positive or negative effects on the cultures that accepted them? The consequences of implanted technologies vary from case to case depending on a number of factors, including environmental and lifestyle differences between the two communities. To hig hlight the networking of these factors and weigh the effects of transferring technologies, I will compare two scenarios: the European’s introduction of guns into Inuit culture and the bringing of horses to the Native Americans by the Spaniards. The story of European small arms begins with the cannon. The cannon, first used in the 1346 Battle of Cressey, was gradually reduced in size over the next three centuries until a cannon small enough to attach to the end of a stick emerged (Ferris, 3). This innovation gave birth to the gun, an invention that revolutionalized European warfare. Because the gun was invented for primarily military purposes, Europeans used it more in battlefields than on hunting grounds, where bows and arrows still dominated (Ferris, 3). When the Europeans introduced small arms into Inuit culture, however, they became instruments of seal hunting. The Inuit’s original seal hunting methods involved harpooning the animals through a hole in the ice. Seal carcass retrieval was difficult, so the Inuit designed their harpoons specifically for efficient recovery of seal bodies. Their engineering was so successful that only one seal body sunk out of every twenty (Ehrlich, 216). Unlike the harpoon, however, the gun was not specially designed for seal hunting. Thus, when the Inuit acquired rifles from the Hudson’s Bay Company and started shooting seals, the bodies would sink before they could be harpooned and retrieved. Hunting efficiency plummeted dramatically; nineteen out of every twenty seals hunted with guns sank (Ehrlich 216). Before long, Inuit hunting began depleting seal populations. The introduction of small arms dealt a blow to both the Inuit community, whose hunting efficiency decreased, and their environment, which suffered a loss of mass numbers of animals.

Bad Or Good :: essays research papers

Bad or Good We live in a world in which our primary food is the information. We perceive the outside world through images, and each image has an echo in our brain, generating feelings, attitudes and sometimes questions. Although we belong to the same specie, thousands of differences or similarities divide and classify us. Each of us perceives in his own way the information he receives. For some of us, something could be beautiful, for others the same thing could be ugly. Behind these two words, beautiful and ugly, we can see another words or, better said, concepts: good and bad. But what do good and bad mean? Do they really exist? On one hand, good and bad are two words that express our opinion in terms of perceived images. We give the images values, which can be, as I already said, good or bad. On the other hand, being so many types of human beings, it is normal to be different kinds of perception and interpretation of information. Therefore, having many people who can interpret things in different ways, it is difficult for somebody to say what is good or bad, and in the same time to have his opinion shared by everyone. Trying to classify, we might come up with a result that might be true or not, depending on the point of view. In other words everything is relative. Paradoxically, when we start thinking we, we discover that we actually know almost nothing, or that there are many things left, to be known. On the other hand, the more we know, the more we want to know. This desire of knowing more and more might be expressed through questions. One big difference that separates the human beings from animals is that